Chronic bronchitis: Causes, symptoms, and care

Bronchitis, an inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the airways in the lungs, can be a debilitating condition, especially when it becomes chronic. Chronic bronchitis, defined as lasting more than three months for two consecutive years, poses significant challenges to those affected. In his latest online article, Dr Shalin Diwanji delves into the causes, symptoms, and management strategies for this condition.

Causes:

The primary culprit behind chronic bronchitis is smoking. The inhalation of cigarette smoke damages the cilia, the hair-like structures responsible for clearing debris and irritants from the airways. This damage leads to inflammation and thickening of the mucous membranes, resulting in airway obstruction. However, smoking is not the sole cause; exposure to dusty environments, toxic gases, and air pollution can also contribute to the development of chronic bronchitis.

Symptoms:

Recognising the symptoms of chronic bronchitis is crucial for early diagnosis and management. Individuals with chronic bronchitis may experience persistent coughing, chest pain or tightness, wheezing, and fatigue. These symptoms can overlap with those of other respiratory conditions, such as asthma, pneumonia, or even lung cancer. Therefore, it is essential to seek medical attention if any of the following symptoms persist:

• Shortness of breath or wheezing
• Cough lasting more than four weeks
• Fever exceeding 101°F
• Presence of blood in the mucus

Diagnosis and management:

Upon presentation to a healthcare provider, a thorough evaluation is conducted to confirm the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis. This typically involves a comprehensive review of medical history, a physical examination—including auscultation of the chest with a stethoscope—and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays and lung function assessments.

The cornerstone of managing chronic bronchitis is smoking cessation. Quitting smoking can halt the progression of the disease and significantly improve lung function. Additionally, lifestyle modifications, such as avoiding lung irritants and maintaining good respiratory hygiene, are recommended.

During exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, patients are advised to rest and increase fluid intake to help alleviate symptoms. Depending on the severity of symptoms, healthcare providers may prescribe medications such as bronchodilators or steroids to provide relief and reduce inflammation.

Preventive measures, including annual vaccinations against pneumonia and influenza, are essential for individuals with chronic bronchitis to minimise the risk of respiratory infections. In some cases, supplemental oxygen therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation programmes may be beneficial in improving respiratory function and quality of life.

Dr Shalin Diwanji is an esteemed consultant in respiratory and general medicine. You can schedule an appointment with Dr Diwanji on his Top Doctors profile.