What is chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Chronic kidney disease, also known as chronic kidney failure, is where the kidneys do not work as well as they used to and are losing their function. CKD can get worse over time and can lead to the kidneys not working altogether resulting in the patient needing dialysis or kidney transplantation. Most people can have stable low kidney function and they may still be able to live somewhat relatively normal lives.  

What are the symptoms of CKD?

In the early stages of CKD, there may be few signs or symptoms and it may be picked up if blood or urine tests detect a problem with the kidneys. This may happen when tests are undertaken for other problems.

The symptoms of CKD do not become apparent until there is significant impairment in kidney function. The signs and symptoms of low kidney function may include:  

• Feeling sick, nauseous and vomiting
• Tiredness and weakness
• Swollen ankles and feet
• Difficulty with blood pressure
• Changes in how often you urinate
• Breathlessness
• Itching
• Hypertension (high blood pressure)

What are the causes of chronic kidney disease?

Kidney disease is caused by other health conditions that can put a strain on the kidneys. CKD can be caused by:

• Hypertension
• Diabetes
• Cardiovascular disease
• Kidney inflammation (glomerulonephritis) or vasculitis
• Genetic conditions affecting the kidney (Polycystic kidney)
• Long-term use of medications, such as lithium and anti infammatory medications 
• Systemic illness such as Lupus
• Scaring in the kidneys from recurring upper urine tract infections

Tests for chronic kidney disease

Blood and urine tests can look for high levels of certain substances that show signs that the kidneys are not working properly. Over time, the test results can tell what stage of the disease that the kidneys are in.

Treatment of chronic kidney disease

There is no cure for chronic kidney disease but symptoms can be relieved to stop them from becoming worse. The main treatments include treating the underlying health conditions and also:

• Lifestyle changes to in order to stay healthy.
• Medication to help with problems, such as high blood pressure.
• Kidney dialysis, to replicate some of the kidney’s functions.
• Kidney transplant