Dr Bobby Huda

Dr Bobby Huda
Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism
Central London


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Dr Bobby Huda

Endocrinologist in
London

MBChB FRCP PhD

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Dr Bobby Huda areas of expertise:

Professional statement

Dr Bobby Huda is a renowned consultant endocrinologist in London with over 15 years of experience, and currently works as an NHS consultant at St Bartholomew's and the Royal London Hospitals, Barts Health NHS Trust. Having completed his medical training at the University of Liverpool, he went on to further hone his skills, taking on general and specialist training at the prestigious University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, King's College Hospital, and Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital in London.

At the forefront of his field, he takes a particular clinical interest in type 1 and antenatal diabetes and sits on several regional and national committees. He was a Clinical Lecturer at the world famous diabetes centre at King's College Hospital and gained valuable expertise in antenatal diabetes and insulin pump/glucose sensor therapy. Following successful completion of his PhD, he was awarded a National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Academic Clinical Lecturer post in Diabetes & Endocrinology at King's College London from 2011 to 2012, further pursuing research interests in obstructive sleep apnoea and inpatient diabetes.

Passionate about teaching and research, he currently holds lecturing positions at a number of prestigious establishments including King's College London and Barts and the London Medical School. He has also published over thirty articles in peer-reviewed journals and several book chapters. 

With much of his research centred around obesity, he has a clinical interest in the causes of weight gain and tiredness and performs detailed endocrine evaluation for these symptoms. He has considerable clinical expertise in type 1 diabetes, insulin pump/ glucose sensors and diabetes in pregnancy.  He also consults on diabetes foot problems, genetic forms of diabetes, type 2 diabetes/ insulin resistance and abnormal thyroid function tests. He is currently not consulting on general endocrinology or thyroid nodules.

 Doctor's articles

diabetic-pregnant
How does my diabetes affect my pregnanc...

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 Credentials

GMC: ‍4639404

 Professional experience

• More than 20 years of experience
• Consultant Endocrinologist, The Harley Street Clinic (present)
• Consultant Endocrinologist, London Medical (present)
• Consultant Endocrinologist, BMI The London Independent Hospital (present)
• Consultant in Diabetes & Metabolism, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust

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 Sub-specialties

• General Internal Medicine

 Positions in public associations

• North East London representative on NHS London type 1 diabetes steering group

 Teaching posts

• Honorary Senior Lecturer at Barts & the London Medical School
• Visiting Senior Lecturer at King’s College London
• Honorary Senior Lecturer at Queen Mary University of London

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 Education

• MB ChB, University of Liverpool (1999)
• PhD, University of Liverpool (2010)
• FRCP, Royal College of Physicians, London (2016)

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 Publications and conferences

• 1. Hypoglycemia and Cardiac Arrhythmia; Mechanisms, Evidence Base and Current Recommendations.
• 2. C-peptide: should we be testing this routinely in the Type 1 diabetes clinic?
• 3. An unusual cause of generalised insulin oedema and truncal neuropathy
• 4. Postpartum care of women with gestational diabetes: a survey of healthcare professionals
• 6. Adjustable gastric banding and sleeve gastrectomy in Bardet-Biedl syndrome.
• 7. Metastatic spinal abcesses from diabetic foot osteomyelitis
• 8. Managing Diabetes in Hospital
• 9. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib allows insulin independence in long standing type 1 diabetes
• 10. Genetic predictors of cardiovascular morbidity in Bardet-Biedl syndrome
• 11. The prevalence and natural history of pituitary haemorrhage in prolactinoma
• 12. Plasma obestatin and autonomic function are altered in orexin-deficient narcolepsy but ghrelin is
• 14. Ghrelin does not orchestrate the metabolic changes seen in fasting but has significant effects on lipid mobilisation and substrate utilisation.
• 15. Ghrelin inhibits autonomic function in healthy controls, but has no effect on obese and vagotomized subjects.
• 18. Factors determining the remission of microprolactinomas after dopamine agonist withdrawal.
• 19. Ghrelin restores 'lean-type' hunger and energy expenditure profiles in morbidly obese subjects but has no effect on postgastrectomy subjects.
• 20. The effects of sibutramine on the microstructure of eating behaviour and energy expenditure in obese women.
• 23. Pregnancy, thrombophlebitis and thromboembolism -What every obstetrician should know
• 25. Gut peptides and the regulation of appetite
• 30. B-cell Lymphoma of the external auditory meatus
• Annual attendance at Diabetes UK, American/European Diabetes conferences and British/US Endocrinology conferences

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 Prizes and awards

• Young Investigator Award, American Academy of Sleep Medicine June 2007

 Professional membership

• Royal College of Physicians, London
• British Medical Association
• Medical Protection Society
• European Association of Study of Diabetes
• Association of British Clinical Diabetologists
• American Diabetes Association
• Diabetes UK
• Society for Endocrinology, UK
• The Endocrine Society, USA

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Languages spoken

  • English

Patient reviews for Dr. Bobby Huda

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Patient reviews

Verified Patient
24/05/2018

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Patients comments

I was very pleased with my the treatment and explanation i got from dr bobby.thank you

Verified Patient
31/03/2018

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Diseases, Medical Tests and Treatments

Diabetes

What is diabetes? Diabetes mellitus (DM), or just diabetes refers to a group of metabolic diseases which result in an inability to regulate bl ...

Insulin pump

What is an insulin pump? An insulin pump is a treatment implemented by a mechanical and electrical device that ensures 24/7, fast-acting insulin ad ...

Obesity

Obesity is defined as having an abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat on the body, enough so that it can be a risk to the health of the person. ...

Pre-diabetes

Pre-diabetes (or prediabetes). The term prediabetes is used in those who have high levels of blood sugar (glucose) but are not high enough to be at th ...

Thyroid disorders

What are thyroid disorders? The thyroid is an essential gland in the body which produces thyroid hormones. These hormones control and influence many bodily functions, such as body temperature, energy levels, and metabolism. Thyroid disorders occur for different reasons, but they have an effect on the body’s metabolic functions and produce adverse reactions. Thyroid disorders are relatively common and worldwide, they affect more women than men. What are the symptoms? There are many types of thyroid disorder, meaning there are also many different symptoms. Symptoms depend on the kind of thyroid disorder the patient has. Some more common thyroid problems include goitre, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid nodules, and thyroiditis. Thyroid cancer is another condition affecting the thyroid. These conditions affect bodily functions and the metabolic system, so symptoms can include: Weight gain Menstrual changes Poor concentration Nervousness Feeling depressed Fatigue Feeling cold Hair loss Mood swings Low sex drive Symptoms vary depending on the type of thyroid disorder, and doctors will take a medical history and assess the symptoms displayed in order to correctly diagnose the type of thyroid condition affecting the patient.   What causes thyroid disorders? Thyroid disorders can be caused in different ways, including related conditions such as autoimmune disease or inflammatory disorders, certain medication, radiation therapy (e.g for cancer), pregnancy, iodine deficiency, and congenital disease. There are various different causes and anyone can develop a thyroid condition. Some risk factors include: Being a woman over the age of sixty Having received radiation therapy in the neck or chest Being pregnant or having had a baby in the last 6 months Having an autoimmune disease Having a family history of thyroid disorder Having had thyroid surgery How can they be prevented? Thyroid disorders cannot really be prevented, but keeping the thyroid healthy is important and there are certain things you can do to reduce the risk. Cigarette smokers are more likely to develop thyroid eye complications related to Graves’ disease, and certain toxins in cigarettes can affect the thyroid, triggering thyroid disease. During X-rays, a special collar can be worn which covers the thyroid and reduces the chances of it being exposed to radiation.   What is the treatment? There are various treatments of thyroid disorders, as there are multiple types of condition and each case must be considered individually. In order to correctly diagnose the thyroid condition, a doctor must first investigate and take a medical history, and measure thyroid hormone levels. A medical evaluation is essential in order to assess what kind of care is needed. Treatments include medication to lower, supplement or eliminate hormone production, and surgery to remove the thyroid gland, sometimes indicated in those with cancer, or particularly large goitres.   ...

Adrenal glands disorders

What are adrenal gland disorders? Adrenal gland disorders are a group of conditions affecting the adrenal glands, which are endocrine glands located above the kidneys. These glands are responsible for producing a variety of hormones, which include adrenaline, steroid hormones such as androgens, and corticosteroids. These hormones help the body to control blood sugar, react to stress (e.g injury/illness), regulate blood pressure, and burn fat. Thus, if the adrenal glands are dysfunctional, this can result in an endocrine condition. There are various types of adrenal gland disorder, including Cushing’s syndrome, Addison’s disease, adrenal gland tumours, and hereditary disorders. What causes adrenal gland disorders? Adrenal gland disorders may occur for several reasons. In many disorders, hormone production is either too little or too high, causing an insufficiency or an abnormal abundance. Adrenal gland disorders can be a result of the following: Tumours Infection Particular types of medication Hereditary conditions/genetic mutation A problem in another of the body’s endocrine glands, e.g. the pituitary gland What are the symptoms? As there are various types of adrenal gland disorders, symptoms will vary depending on the condition. Cushing’s syndrome symptoms are more commonly: upper body obesity, high blood pressure, weakness in the muscles and in the bones, high blood sugar levels, skin conditions such as acne or marks/streaks on the abdomen, slow growth rates (in children), and irritability or depression. Addison’s disease symptoms include: weight loss, fatigue, low blood pressure, salt cravings, feeling dizzy when standing up, nausea, vomiting, feeling weak, noticing patches of dark(er) skin, and depression. Congential adrenal hyperplasia symptoms can be mild or more serious, and symptoms may even be so mild that they do not cause the individual problems. Symptoms of mild CAH include: early signs of puberty, acne, irregular periods, excess facial hair in women, and a shorter than average final height (in younger adults). Symptoms of more serious or severe CAH include: low blood pressure, low blood sugars, difficulty retaining salt in the body, excess facial hair in women, benign testicular tumours in men, infertility in men, abnormal development of the external genitalia in girls, and difficulty for women getting pregnant. Tumours of the adrenal gland can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the hormone which the tumour is overproducing. Some tumours do not produce hormones, but damage the pituitary and do not allow it to secrete the right level of hormones. As a result, the adrenal glands will not function as they should, either. What is the treatment? Treatment depends on the adrenal gland disorder affecting the individual, but generally treatment will be surgical or medical. Treatments include: Medication which seeks to stop excess production of hormones Hormone replacement medication/therapy Tumour removal surgery Surgery to remove one or both of the adrenal glands Surgery to remove tumours of the pituitary gland ...

Breastfeeding diet

What is a breastfeeding diet? While breastfeeding, it’s not expected that a woman follows a specific diet, but it is important for the woman to ensure that they eat a healthy, balanced diet, as we all should in general. A balanced diet should ensure that both mother and baby get the nutrients they need overall. Generally, and except in extreme cases such as malnutrition, breast milk contains all the essential nutrients for the health of a baby. Why is it done? If the ‘regular’ diet does not provide the nutrients the baby needs, a doctor may need to evaluate the diet to recommend changes or adjustments, such as in cases where the mother may be overweight or underweight, diabetic, or have low/high cholesterol levels, etc. It is important that the feeding recommendations and diet recommendations in these cases are set by a specialist in the field and the mother should not follow certain structured diets, without having studied each case in particular, such as so-called ‘fad’ diets. What does it consist of? A healthy diet is based on variety, with all the basic nutritional needs covered. To do this, a variety of healthy foods must be included, i.e. carbohydrates, proteins, vegetables, fruits and healthy fats. Certain fish contain fatty acids, e.g the Omega-3 Vitamin, Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) that are important for the development of the brain, eyes and nervous system of the child during the first year. However, it is advisable not to exceed 5.5 kilos of fish and shellfish per week. Certain types of fish that contain a high index of contaminants such as mercury must also be avoided, such as shark, swordfish, and mackerel. White canned tuna usually has higher levels of contaminants than other types of canned tuna. The NHS recommend that you should not consume more than two portions of oily fish (roughly 280g) per week. In terms of liquid intake levels, it’s important to maintain a good level of hydration. It is estimated that a mother's body needs about 16 cups of fluids, including the liquid found in foods such as broths or soups. Caffeine should be limited and drunk in moderation to no more than 200mg per day. The intake of saturated fats found in fatty meats, butter, whole milk or certain oils such as palm and coconut oil, or transgenic products is discouraged. As small portions of what is eaten or drunk can enter breast milk, it’s recommended that breastfeeding women should not drink more than one or two units of alcohol per week. Smoking is also discouraged. Preparation Before making any drastic changes or special decisions, it’s best to consult a GP, midwife, or health visitor/health provider for guidance and understanding of the required values of vitamins and nutrients that should be maintained in the body. ...

Childhood obesity

What is it?        Obesity can be described as the accumulation of fat in the body. This means a higher body weight in relation to sex, height, and age. Childhood obesity affects a large number of children in developed countries, where cases are increasing alarmingly. Children can go on to have serious medical issues in adulthood and develop heart disease, diabetes, high cholesterol, sleep apnea, or other conditions. As well as physical issues, this can quite often lead to psychological issues such as low self-esteem, depression, or a feeling of inferiority, which can prevent the child from interacting with others and therefore limit their social relationships. Occasionally the issue stems from a condition or hormone imbalance but more often than not it is due to an unhealthy diet. This is why following a balanced diet and exercising regularly is so important.          Condition prognosis    Cases of childhood obesity have been increasing in Europe and in the United States of America. Obesity has become known as a modern epidemic and in order to avoid it people should be encouraged to eat healthily and exercise more. It is not a deadly disease if controlled, however if it is not carefully monitored it can lead to more complicated diseases and conditions in the future.        What are the symptoms? The main symptoms of childhood obesity include: Being more prone to develop cardiovascular diseases Psychological issues such as anxiety and depression due to bullying Not taking part in sports Internal organ problems with the liver or stomach. Medical tests A paediatric endocrinologist will carry out the relevant tests to confirm whether the child is obese or overweight. These tests include physical exams, questions about their eating habits, and their exercise routine. Blood tests are often done to check if there is a thyroid issue.  What causes it?     When children eat more food than they need to and don’t do any exercise, the calories they ingest are stored and they are more likely to become obese. There are many things that could lead to children eating more and doing less exercise. Adverts on TV and the internet can encourage this unhealthy lifestyle. The ads are normally for products that are high in sugar and this lifestyle choice encourages children to spend hours in front of a screen and not exercise.   Other influencing factors include family, friends, school, and the general environment that the child is being brought up around and developing their eating habits from. Genetic factors, medical issues, and emotional issues could also lead to an increase in ingesting more calories than the body needs, which can lead to obesity.  How can it be prevented? Childhood obesity can be prevented by developing healthy eating habits and leading by example. It is important to follow a healthy and balanced diet rich in fruit and vegetables and with less sugary drinks. Having structured meal plans, including a filling breakfast, not eating junk food, and not using food as a reward, can help.   Exercise is crucial, it is recommended that children exercise for at least 60 minutes a day. This can be split into shorter periods of time.    What is the treatment? Treatment includes following a balanced diet. Some guidelines to follow include: Monitor portion sizes Buy healthy food and make it accessible to children Have a varied diet with healthy snacks and drinks Reduce the amount of junk food eaten such as; chips, cakes, cookies, and other similar food items Avoid sugary drinks. What specialist should I see?  The specialist who treats childhood obesity is a paediatric endocrinologist.       ...

Cholesterol

What is cholesterol? Cholesterol is a fatty substance known as a lipid, which is mainly made by the liver and can also be found in some foods. It is vital for the human body to function properly but if the levels of cholesterol are too high in the blood, it can result in heart disease and heart stroke among other problems. Cholesterol can increase with age and is only detected through a blood test. There is also something else that may need to be monitored if someone has high cholesterol, and that is triglycerides. Having a high level of triglycerides, a type of fat (lipid) in the blood, can also increase the risk of heart disease. Why is it important to lower cholesterol? Evidence shows that high cholesterol levels can increase the risk of having a heart attack, a stroke, a mini-stroke (known as transient ischaemic attack) or a peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Cholesterol can build up in the artery wall, which restricts the blood flow to the heart, brain and the rest of the body. It can also increase the risk of a blood clot in other parts of the body. The risk of developing coronary heart disease is also higher when the blood’s cholesterol level increases. What causes high cholesterol? There are many factors that increase the chances of having high cholesterol, which include: An unhealthy diet – especially eating high levels of saturated fat. Smoking Diabetes Hypertension (high blood pressure). A family history of stroke or heart disease. Even people who eat healthily can inherit a condition called familial hypercholesterolemia, which can cause high cholesterol. What should my cholesterol levels be? The levels of blood cholesterol is measured in millimoles per litre of blood (mmol/L.) Total cholesterol levels should be 5mmol/L or less for healthy adults or 4mmol/L or less for those who are at high risk. Low-density lipoprotein (LPL) levels should at 3mmol/L or less for healthy adults or 2mmol/L or less for those at high risk. How to lower cholesterol levels? To reduce the level of cholesterol, it is recommended to maintain a healthy and balanced diet, which is low in fatty foods. Regular exercise and quitting smoking are also recommended to lower the levels of cholesterol. If following these steps does not reduce the cholesterol levels, a doctor may prescribe medication such as Statins to help. Statins block the chemicals in the liver that help to make cholesterol, which leads to a reduction the blood cholesterol level. They are only prescribed to people who are at a high risk of heart disease and will need to be taken for life. Low cholesterol diet A balanced diet, low in saturated fats can reduce LDL (bad cholesterol). The following foods should be avoided or the intake reduced: Fatty meats and meat products Butter and lard Cream, sour cream and ice cream Cheese Cake and biscuits Chocolate Coconut oil  ...

Chronic fatigue

What is chronic fatigue syndrome? Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a condition which involves long-term disabling tiredness. It affects about 200,000 people in the UK, and it generally develops between the ages of 20 and 40. It is three times as common in women as in men. Chronic fatigue syndrome is also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis, or ME. Can chronic fatigue syndrome be cured? There is no cure for chronic fatigue syndrome. Symptoms can fluctuate and are different for each person. Some people will completely recover from the condition within a couple of years, whereas others are affected for a longer period of time. Those who are diagnosed with the condition at a young age tend to have a better long-term outlook. What are the symptoms? The main symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome is persistent tiredness – tiredness that doesn’t improve much after rest, and tends to develop a day after activity (known as “post-exertional malaise”. In addition, it is common to develop other symptoms including: sleeping problems – such as sleeping too much, too little, or having irregular sleeping patterns cognitive problems - difficulty with memory, concentration, attention span, or planning muscle pain or joint pain headaches sore throat dizziness or nausea heart palpitations Symptoms generally get worse after overexertion, and can vary from day to day. The symptoms can also vary from person to person, leading many doctors to believe that chronic fatigue syndrome could represent a number of different conditions rather than just one. What causes chronic fatigue syndrome? The cause of chronic fatigue syndrome is not known. Currently the most popular theory is that it is caused by a viral infection. However, it is not known why symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome persist even after the original infection has cleared up, and there are many people who develop chronic fatigue syndrome without an infection. Other suspected “triggers” of chronic fatigue syndrome include: bacterial infections hormonal imbalance stress depression How is it diagnosed? There is no test to diagnose chronic fatigue syndrome. Chronic fatigue syndrome is generally diagnosed when the doctor has made an assessment of your symptoms and can’t find another cause. To rule out other conditions the doctor might ask for blood and urine tests in addition to a clinical examination. How is it treated? Treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome can include advice and guidance, medication, and therapy. Advice and guidance There a lot of thing you can do to manage chronic fatigue syndrome, and your doctor will likely advise you on: how to get a better night’s sleep how to incorporate periods of rest into your routine how to manage pain or stress through relaxation techniques Medication Although there is no medication to treat chronic fatigue syndrome directly, the doctor might treat pain or sleep problems with antidepressants, or might recommend over-the-counter painkillers. Therapy Graded exercise therapy (GET) is commonly recommended for chronic fatigue syndrome. GET is a structured treatment involving a physiotherapist or occupational therapist that aims to help you gradually increase your ability to physical activity. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can help you establish a better sleep routine and manage your energy levels, as well as cope with the psychological impact of your condition. CBT is carried out by a psychotherapist. ...

Coeliac

Coeliac disease is a condition characterised by permanent intolerance to gluten, a glycoprotein present in wheat, barley, rye and oats. It occurs in genetically predisposed individuals suffering from atrophy in the villi of the small intestine, so they have difficulty absorbing the nutrients of some foods. Depending on the degree of intolerance, the patient may show some symptoms or none at all. The most common symptoms of this condition are gastrointestinal problems, iron deficiency and colitis. ...

Diabetes diet

What is the diabetes diet?  Correct nutrition is essential for patients who want to be able to control their diabetes, both for type I and II. The diabetic patient needs to know what their nutritional needs are and plan with their dietician to ensure that they are properly controlling their condition, based on the three pillars: diet, insulin, and physical exercise. When a patient has diabetes, their body is unable to produce or use insulin properly. This causes high glucose (sugar) levels in the blood. A healthy diet can help maintain blood sugar levels within a normal range, which is why a healthy diet is so important for the proper management of diabetes so that there are no complications.   What does the diabetes diet involve? Meals should be eaten at regular intervals at the same time every day if possible. It is important to include all the different types of nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fat, vitamins, minerals, fibre, and water) in a healthy balance, which means being careful which carbohydrates and fats you eat and how much you put into your body. Trans-fats, saturated fats, and cholesterol should be avoided where possible. Fish can be a good alternative to high-fat meals. It is also important to monitor how much sodium you have in your diet.     How to prepare for it A professional dietician can help the patient build a personalised meal plan. This diet should take into account the patient’s weight, any medications they’re taking, their lifestyle, and any other health issues that the patient may have. The nutrition specialist will recommend a diet that requires the patient to:  Limit foods with high sugar content Eat small portions during the day Pay attention to the amount of carbohydrates consumed Eat a variety of whole food, fruits, and vegetables Eat less fat Limit alcohol consumption Limit salt intake The specialist will advise and recommend what next steps should be taken. The aim is for the patient to learn how to manage their daily meals and how to cope with the condition as well as possible. ...

Diseases of the pituitary and hypothalamus

There are a number of diseases which can affect the pituitary and hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is part of the brain and the pituitary gland is situated just underneath. Both are responsible for the production and regulation of various hormones. When either of these glands are affected, a range of conditions can occur. Common causes The most common cause of a problem is the growth of a benign tumour known as an adenoma. A benign tumour is non-cancerous, but when it grows it starts to push on the hypothalamus or pituitary gland it can cause problems with the production of hormones. More rarely, problems in the pituitary and hypothalamus can be caused by: a condition present from birth blood loss anorexia the complications of brain surgery. Common conditions Diseases of the pituitary and hypothalamus are rare, but the most common conditions include: Acromeglay – this involves having too much growth hormone in the body, leading to swollen hands and feet in adults and gigantism in children. Adult growth hormone deficiency – having too little growth hormone can cause loss of muscle and strength, fatigue, depression, and an increase in abdominal fat. Cushing’s disease – this condition involves the overproduction of the hormone cortisol. It is more commonly caused by taking steroids for arthritis, and can lead to weak muscles, weight gain, excessive hair growth, and mood swings. Diabetes insipidus – a problem with the production of the hormone vasopressin, hindering the ability of your kidneys to hold water. The main symptoms include urinating too often and thirstiness. Prolactinoma – an excessive production of the hormone prolactin, with symptoms including lowered sex drive, infertility, and irregular periods in women. Hypopituitarism – refers to the underproduction of two or more hormones in the pituitary glands, causing a wide range of symptoms, from tiredness and muscle weakness to dry skin, reduced fertility, and vision disturbance. Overall, the range of symptoms that can be caused by issues in the pituitary gland and hypothalamus is very wide, due to the central function they play in regulating hormone production all over the body. Which type of specialist treats diseases of the pituitary and hypothalamus? An endocrinologist specialises in the diagnosis and treatment of hormone problems. Generally, most conditions affecting the pituitary gland and hypothalamus can be treated. If the cause is a tumour, surgery will be considered. If not, it is possible to treat a deficiency in hormones with hormone supplements. To book a consultation with an endocrinologist, click here. ...

Eating disorders

Eating disorders are serious behavioural problems. A person who suffers from eating disorders follows eating patterns that can seriously damage his/her health. The common causes and symptoms of this disease include excessive concern about their weight, a distorted view of the body and low self-esteem. The most common eating disorders are anorexia and bulimia nervosa. When a person suffers from anorexia, he/she avoids eating and/or takes laxatives and diuretics. In addition to this, the person may also do intense physical exercise, which could endanger her/his life. The main characteristic of bulimia is that people do binge eating, followed by purging or self-induced vomiting to eliminate and compensate for overeating. All this with a sense of guilt. In these cases, the emergency treatment of patients through a comprehensive plan that includes psychotherapy and continuous monitoring is crucial. In severe cases, the admission of patients to a specialised centre for treatment may be necessary. ...

Growth hormone

Excess secretion of the growth hormone can cause disorders such as gigantism or acromegaly, characterized by abnormal body growth. When this adrenal disease occurs when the child is still growing, before the growth plates are closed, it is called gigantism and the most common cause is a benign tumour in the pituitary; if the disorder affects adults, it is called acromegaly. Children who suffer from this disease are often extremely large for his age. Some of the symptoms may include delayed puberty, front and mandibular prominence, large hands and feet with thick fingers, weakness, shortness of side vision, etc....

Hypercholesterolemia

What is hypercholesterolemia? Hypercholesterolemia is an increase in the level of cholesterol in the blood above what is considered normal. The elevated level of cholesterol is related to coronary problems, lifestyle, gender, and diet. Various factors play a role in the disease; genetic and dietary factors need to be taken into account, as well as other ones related to physical activity. Symptoms of hypercholesterolemia: Patients often do not perceive that anything is wrong with them until the possible occurrence of a cardiovascular event, such as a heart attack or angina. In some cases, cholesterol deposits under the skin may appear (xanthomas or xanthelasma). What are the causes of hypercholesterolemia? The main factors contributing to hypercholesterolemia are: An unhealthy diet: excessive consumption of animal fats or alcohol makes the body consume other types of nutrients first, so it is more likely that cholesterol is not broken down and hence it accumulates in the arteries. Hepatic, renal or endocrine diseases. Familial hypercholesterolemia: a hereditary disease in which cholesterol cannot be broken down, leading to a gradual increase in its level. Can hypercholesterolemia be prevented? The main recommendations for preventing hypercholesterolemia are as follows: Follow a balanced diet (it is important to avoid saturated fats). Do physical activity of moderate intensity on a regular basis. Following these two recommendations also helps to prevent or control other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases that are sometimes associated with hypercholesterolemia, e.g. obesity or hypertension. How is hypercholesterolemia treated? Generally, all patients with hypercholesterolemia should improve their diet in order to reduce cholesterol levels, increase their physical activity and eliminate risk factors that could promote the development of associated diseases. If the dietary treatment does not achieve the desired goal, a pharmacological treatment should be added, one individualised to the patient, given that other risk factors should be taken into account, along with associated diseases. ...

Hyperparathyroidism

What is hyperparathyroidism? Hyperparathyroidism refers to an excess of parathyroid hormone in the bloodstream. This occurs due to overactivity in one (or more) of the body’s parathyroid glands. There are four parathyroid glands in the body, which are found in the neck and produce parathyroid hormone. This hormone helps to maintain the right balance of calcium in the body and its tissues. What are the symptoms? Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism include: Pain in the abdomen Bone and joint pain Nausea Vomiting Losing appetite Frequently needing to pee Kidney stones Osteoporosis, or bones more prone to fracture Fatigue, or feeling tired easily Feeling weak General malaise Symptoms may be mild, which means they may go unnoticed or it can be hard for a patient to tell that something is wrong. However, hyperparathyroidism is often diagnosed before symptoms occur, through testing for unrelated conditions or at medical check-ups. Symptoms can also be severe – it varies, and depends on the patient. What causes hyperparathyroidism? Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when one or more of the body’s parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone, thus causing high levels of calcium in the blood. This is called hypercalcaemia, which leads to a variety of health problems. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is the result of a different condition or disease which causes low levels of calcium to occur in the body. Over time, this results in an increase in parathyroid hormone levels. How can it be prevented? Hyperparathyroidism cannot be prevented, but there are certain risk factors for the condition, including radiation treatment for cancer, vitamin D deficiency, being female and having gone through the menopause, and having taken lithium, which is a drug often used in the treatment of bipolar disorder. What is the treatment? Hyperparathyroidism is often caught by doctors in routine testing, when elevated levels of calcium are shown in the blood. There are many conditions which cause elevated levels of calcium, however once this is combined with an increase in parathyroid hormone, this leads to a diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. The most common treatment is surgery (in the case of primary hyperparathyroidism), which removes the enlarged glands and leaves behind those which are functioning correctly. Some medications can be used to treat hyperparathyroidism, including hormone replacement therapy which can help the body to retain calcium, especially in women who have gone through the menopause. In some cases, doctors choose to monitor the condition and recommend no treatment. However, this requires scheduled blood tests to monitor the levels of calcium in the blood, and bone density scans to check if the hyperparathyroidism is affecting the bones.   ...

Hyperthyroidism

What is hyperthyroidism? Hyperthyroidism, otherwise known as overactive thyroid, occurs when the thyroid gland produces an excess of thyroid hormone. The thyroid gland is located in the base of the neck, and it is responsible for producing thyroid hormone, which helps to control metabolism. This affects functions in the body such as temperature, and the internal body clock (affecting sleep). An excess of thyroid hormone can therefore affect the metabolism and cause problems in the body. Hyperthyroidism more commonly affects women, and while it can occur at any age, it is usually seen appearing more in those between 20 and 40 years of age. What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism? As the thyroid gland affects many bodily functions connected to metabolism, hyperthyroidism has a wide range of symptoms. These include: Heat sensitivity Feeling nervous, anxious, or irritable Fatigue Mood swings A more frequent need to pee Weakness in the muscles Trouble sleeping Lack of sexual interest Feeling constantly thirsty Swelling in the neck (due to an enlarged thyroid gland) Irregular heart beat Excessive sweating Hair loss Weight loss An itchy rash (hives) Symptoms of hyperthyroidism can have a number of causes, but it is always best to have them checked by a GP. What causes hyperthyroidism? Hyperthyroidism can have multiple causes. The majority of cases occur as a result of Graves’ disease, a condition in which the immune system attacks the thyroid, causing it to produce too much thyroid hormone. Hyperthyroidism can also be caused by certain types of medication, typically those which contain iodine. An increase of iodine in the body can cause the thyroid to produce too much thyroid hormone. Nodules, which are lumps occurring on the thyroid, can also cause hyperthyroidism as they contain thyroid tissue. This excess in thyroid tissue can result in an excess of thyroid hormone. Less commonly, thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid), thyroid cancer, and benign tumours of the pituitary gland can cause hyperthyroidism. How can it be prevented? Hyperthyroidism is usually caused by Graves’ disease, which is a genetic disorder. As such, there is no means to prevent the condition. However, certain lifestyle measures can help reduce the risk, such as not smoking, keeping a healthy diet, exercising, and keeping stress levels minimal. What is the treatment for hyperthyroidism? Hyperthyroidism is usually treatable and patients are advised to see an endocrinologist, who specialises in hormone conditions, to advise the most suitable treatment method. Treatment usually comes in the form of medication, radiation therapy (radioiodine treatment which damages the thyroid and causes it to produce less thyroid hormone), or surgery, which aims to remove part, or all of the thyroid so it is unable to produce thyroid hormone.    ...

Hypogonadism

Hypogonadism is an endocrine disorder in which the testes in men, and the ovaries in women, produce low quantities of testosterone and oestrogen respectively. The origins of this disorder can vary and may include hereditary factors, some types of surgery, autoimmune diseases, kidney or liver problems and infections. The most common symptoms of hypogonadism in women are the loss of menstruation and pubic hair, hot flushes, low libido. In men, the symptoms include loss of hair on beard and body, loss of muscle tone, breast enlargement and erection problems. The low production of testosterone in men is known as male hypogonadism. ...

Hypopituitarism

What is hypopituitarism? Hypopituitarism is a condition in which the pituitary gland is not producing normal quantities of certain hormones. The pituitary gland is located below the brain and is connected to the hypothalamus. It is responsible for producing different types of hormone, including thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and growth hormone (GH). Prognosis: This disease requires continuous treatment. Nevertheless, patients can lead a normal life, provided they are managing their condition correctly. Symptoms of hypopituitarism In most cases, the symptoms develop gradually, hence they may not be noticed for a while. Moreover, the symptoms depend on which hormones are lacking. The most common symptoms include: Fatigue, loss of energy, muscle weakness Low blood pressure Dry skin Reduction in appetite with weight loss Nausea and vomiting Loss or reduction in libido How is hypopituitarism diagnosed? Testing for hypopituitarism consists of a physical examination of the thyroid gland, sex organs and eyes to detect signs of hormone deficiency and symptoms associated with the disease. Blood tests may also be required to determine the level of hormones in the blood. In some cases, a stimulation test may be done to determine whether certain hormones are deficient, principally cortisol or growth hormone. In addition, urine testing may be done, as it may indicate a deficiency in antidiuretic hormone. What are the causes of hypopituitarism? Some of the possible causes are as follows: Brain surgery or a brain tumour, in the pituitary gland or hypothalamus. Cranial injury Infection or inflammation of the brain Radiotherapy to the brain Haemorrhage caused by an aneurysm Can it be prevented? This disease cannot be prevented. However, early diagnosis may help in managing it correctly and reducing the number of symptoms experienced. Treatments for hypopituitarism There are different types of treatment, including: Treatment of the cause : if the cause is a tumour, the treatment will consist of removing the tumour surgically, if this is possible. Removal may reduce certain symptoms. Hormonal treatment consists of replenishing the deficient hormones. Medications for hypopituitarism In case of a hormone deficiency, the possible medications are: Levothyroxine, if there is a TSH deficit Hydrocortisone / cortisone, if there is an adrenocortical deficit (ACTH) Testosterone / Oestradiol+progesterone (if no desire for fertility), together with injections of GnRH (if fertility desired) GH, if it is shown to be deficient Which specialist treats it? Hypopituitarism is treated by endocrinologists. ...

Hypothalamus

What is the hypothalamus? The hypothalamus is a small section of the brain found at the base of the brain, close to the pituitary gland. Although it is small, it is very important and plays a crucial role in regulating numerous bodily cycles. The hypothalamus is made up of three regions: Anterior region – made up of various nuclei which are mainly responsible for the secretion of hormones, often interacting with the pituitary gland. Middle region – controls appetite and stimulated the production of growth hormones for body development. Posterior region – regulated body temperature by causing shivering and controlling sweat production. What does the hypothalamus do? The hypothalamus is responsible for maintaining certain functions: Regulating body temperature, heart rate, thirst, hunger, sleep cycles and blood pressure (homeostasis). Releasing certain hormones that trigger the production of other hormones throughout the body. What are some common conditions that affect the hypothalamus? If the hypothalamus is not functioning properly, this is known as hypothalamic dysfunction. This can be caused by: Injuries to the head Congenital defects Brain surgery Tumours Eating disorders Genetic disorders A disorder that results from hypothalamic dysfunction is Prader-Willi syndrome which is inherited and results from a hypothalamus that is unable to detect when someone is full after eating. Hence, there is a constant feeling of hunger and needing to eat. People with this syndrome have slower metabolisms and often have learning disabilities. What are the symptoms of conditions involving the hypothalamus? Symptoms that indicate hypothalamic dysfunction include: Changes in appetite Weight gain or loss Difficulty sleeping Dehydration Frequent urination Fluctuations in body temperature High or low blood pressure Delayed puberty How can I keep my hypothalamus healthy? To keep your hypothalamus healthy it is important to sleep enough, exercise regularly and to eat a balanced diet. ...

Hypothyroidism

What is hypothyroidism? Hypothyroidism, otherwise known as underactive thyroid, is a condition affecting the thyroid gland, causing it to underproduce thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormone plays an important role in the body, affecting the metabolism. In those with hypothyroidism, the metabolic system runs more slowly, resulting in various problems. Hypothyroidism most commonly affects women, affecting ten times more women than men. The condition can also occur in children.   What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism? As hypothyroidism develops, symptoms may not be noticeable, as they are often a natural result of ageing e.g weight gain, fatigue. However, as the condition progresses, further signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism may develop, including: Dry skin Sensitivity to cold Thinning hair/brittle hair Pain in the joints Stiffness or swelling in the joints Irregular or heavy periods Weakness/aching in the muscles General fatigue Constipation Depression A doctor usually performs a thyroid function test to determine if these symptoms indicate hypothyroidism. In this test, a sample of blood is taken to measure hormone levels. What causes hypothyroidism? The thyroid gland can fail to produce enough thyroid hormone for a number of reasons, including: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, which is an autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks its own tissues. Hyperthyroidism treatment. In those who produce too much thyroid hormone, treatment seeks to reduce thyroid function. However, the treatment can cause permanent hypothyroidism. Radiation. Radiation therapy in cancer treatment of the head and neck can affect the thyroid gland and increase the risk of developing a thyroid disorder. Certain medication. Particular types of medication can cause hypothyroidism, such as lithium (often used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders). How can it be prevented? Anyone can develop hypothyroidism, and it cannot be prevented. However, there are certain risk factors, and being aware of the signs can help with a swift diagnosis. Women over the age of 60 are more likely to develop hypothyroidism, along with women six months after having been pregnant or having had a baby. Family history of autoimmune disease or thyroid disease can also increase the chances of developing the condition. Those who have undergone radiation therapy in the upper chest or neck area are also at an increased risk, along with those who have undergone thyroid surgery to remove or partially remove the thyroid gland. What is the treatment for hypothyroidism? Treatment for hypothyroidism seeks to raise thyroid hormone levels. This is normally achieved through hormone replacement, which is generally taken lifelong. However, with hormone replacement, patients are able to live normal, and healthy lives. It is important to make sure hypothyroidism is treated correctly. If the condition goes untreated, it can cause medical complications such as heart disease, and goitre (enlarged thyroid).  ...

Insulin resistance

What is insulin resistance? Insulin is a hormone made in the pancreas. It is released into the bloodstream when blood glucose levels rise after eating, as it aids the body’s cells in absorbing glucose from the blood and reduces glucose production in the liver, thus preventing blood sugar levels from becoming too high. If muscle, fat and liver cells develop insulin resistance, it means they do not respond properly to the presence of insulin, and as a result, their ability to absorb glucose from the blood is decreased. A greater concentration of insulin will be needed to achieve the desired effect.   Prognosis of insulin resistance Insulin resistance typically causes the body to produce more insulin to compensate – a condition known as hyperinsulinaemia. Moreover, it is a driving factor behind the development of type 2 diabetes, prediabetes and gestational diabetes.   Symptoms of insulin resistance There are usually no symptoms of insulin resistance when the condition first develops; symptoms manifest later as a knock-on effect of high blood glucose levels, including: Hunger Lethargy Difficulty concentrating High blood pressure High cholesterol levels Weight gain, particularly around the belly   Medical tests to diagnose insulin resistance Insulin resistance can be diagnosed by testing the blood for high insulin levels. However, doctors rarely test specifically for insulin resistance, as some of the most effective tests, such as the euglycemic clamp are too expensive and complicated to be carried out in a doctor’s surgery. It is most commonly diagnosed during blood tests for prediabetes, as prediabetes rarely occurs without insulin resistance.   What are the causes of insulin resistance? The causes of insulin resistance are not completely understood, but several risk factors that could contribute to its development have been identified: Being overweight/obese Little physical activity A diet that is high in calories, sugar and/or carbohydrates Chronic stress Long-term use of steroids taken in high doses Certain other conditions, such as polycystic ovary disease and Cushing’s disease   Treatments for insulin resistance There are several ways to reduce the effects of insulin resistance, and in some cases reverse it. These methods revolve around losing weight and increasing physical activity. Effective lifestyle changes could include: Adopting a low-carbohydrate, low-calorie or ketogenic diet Walking for 30 minutes a day Increasing weekly levels of exercise, e.g. going to the gym Weight loss surgery   Which type of specialist treats insulin resistance? Doctors specialising in endocrinology, diabetes and metabolism are usually able to diagnose and treat insulin resistance and prediabetes. ...

Ketogenic diet

What is the ketogenic diet? The ketogenic diet is a low carb diet where the body produces small fuel modules in the liver called ketones, which are used as energy. Ketones are an alternative fuel for the body, used when the blood sugar (glucose) is in short supply. Through eating very few carbohydrates, moderate amounts of protein and high levels of natural fats, ketones are produced. They are produced in the liver from fat and used throughout the body as fuel.   How does the ketogenic diet work? The entire body changes its fuel supply to run almost entirely on fat. The levels of insulin become very low, which enables fat burning to increase dramatically. The body is in a state of ketosis when it produces ketones.   What foods can be eaten on a ketogenic diet? It is important to track the number of carbohydrates that are being consumed daily. Some people will find that they can eat 50g of carbohydrates and lose weight, whilst others stick to 20g or less a day. Typical foods to be consumed on the ketogenic diet include: • Fish and seafood • Cheese • Natural fats such as avocado, grass-fed butter, coconut oil and olive oil • Meat • Eggs • Vegetables that grow above the ground.   What foods are to be avoided on a ketogenic diet? The main foods to avoid are those that contain a lot of sugar and starch. Foods high in carbohydrates such as bread, pasta, rice and potatoes should be avoided. Fruits should be avoided, although some fruits such as berries can be eaten in moderation. All processed foods should be cut out.   What are the benefits of the ketogenic diet? Weight loss – fat burning is vastly increased. Appetite control Constant energy and mental performance Control blood sugar and reverse type 2 diabetes – blood sugar levels are controlled, lowered and reduce the negative impact of high insulin levels. Improved health markers – improve cholesterol, blood sugar and insulin levels and blood pressure. Increased physical endurance – there is a constant access to all the energy of the fat stores. Top athletes follow the ketogenic diet for an increase in performance. Control epilepsy – the diet was originally intended as medical therapy for children with epilepsy since the 1920s. Reduce the risk of cancer - lowering carbohydrates reduces your levels of glucose, which is the fuel that feeds cancer cells. ...

Menopause

What is the menopause? The menopause refers to the process which naturally occurs in women as a result of ageing, meaning they no longer have periods and are unable to conceive. The menopause usually happens between the ages of 45 and 55, with the average age in the UK for women being 51. It is a new stage in a woman’s life and brings a number of both physical and emotional changes. During the menopause, a woman’s oestrogen levels naturally decrease. This can cause menopausal symptoms, which vary from being mild to severe. Occasionally, women experience early (or premature) menopause, which happens before the age of 40. What are the symptoms of the menopause? Symptoms of the menopause can begin months, or years before periods finally cease, and typically go on for around four years after periods have stopped. Common symptoms include: Hot flushes/flashes Vaginal dryness Problems sleeping Feeling low Anxiety A loss of libido Night sweats Difficulty concentrating What causes the menopause? As we get older, our sex hormones change, with the ovaries not producing as much oestrogen as they once did. This means that eggs are no longer released from the ovaries. The menopause is a natural part of ageing, but it sometimes occurs earlier than expected, without clear cause. In some cases, the menopause can be caused by medical treatments, such as treatment for breast cancer (e.g chemotherapy or radiotherapy). Surgery removing the ovaries can also cause menopause to happen, and medical conditions such as Down’s syndrome may be the reason behind early menopause. How can menopause symptoms be treated? Hormone replacement therapy (often called HRT) is one of the most effective treatments for menopause symptoms, and it is also able to maintain bone strength, thus helping in the prevention of osteoporosis. Hormone replacement therapy can be applied through hormonal coils, tablets, patches, and pessaries. Gels can also be used, for example in topical application to the vagina, to relieve dryness. However, before using HRT, it is important that the GP or gynaecologist explains the risks and benefits of the therapy, so the patient can make an informed decision. Symptoms of the menopause can also be managed through lifestyle changes, e.g eating healthily, and exercising regularly. Being at a good level of fitness can help to relieve some of the symptoms of the menopause. Some types of therapy can also help women to deal with low mood, or anxiety. Should I see a doctor? If menopause symptoms occur before the age of 45, consult your GP and talk to them about the symptoms you are having. They may order a blood test to see if the symptoms are indeed related to the menopause. Blood tests can also be ordered for those under 40 if the doctor wishes to confirm a suspected early menopause after evaluating symptoms.  ...

Menopause diet

What is the menopause diet? Women lose energy with age and their metabolism slows down. Fluid retention, increased body fat, osteoporosis and hypothyroidism are also common. A woman's metabolism tends to slow down from the age of 35-40. The body saves more energy or calories and uses less energy to carry out metabolic functions. When metabolism slows down, fat tends to accumulate around the waist and hips. Age and lack of physical exercise aggravate the problem. So too does the decrease in sex hormones, as the lack of oestrogen makes the body less efficient at burning fat. An increase in body fat is associated with higher blood cholesterol levels and an increased risk of cardiovascular problems. A menopause diet helps to reduce symptoms of the menopause. What does it consist of? The menopause diet should follow certain guidelines to help control symptoms: Bone density decreases with the menopause, so calcium to keep the bones strong is important in the diet, along with vitamin D to help with the absorption of calcium so it can be used by the body. Calcium can be found in dairy foods such as milk, cheese, yoghurt and soya, some nuts and seeds like sesame seeds and almonds, fish such as oysters and sardines and some leafy green vegetables, such as broccoli and kale. Vitamin D which helps the absorption of Calcium can be absorbed from the sun, oily fish such as salmon and mackerel, liver, egg yolks, red meat and products with added vitamin D, like some breakfast cereals. Phosphorus and magnesium play a role in maintaining bone density. Sources of phosphorus include protein-rich foods such as meat, poultry, fish, nuts, seeds and dairy. Magnesium can be found in nuts, seeds, whole grains and legumes. Some women tend to suffer anaemia during the menopause, so it’s important to replenish iron levels. There are a number of foods that have a high iron content: shellfish, sardines, red meat, liver, legumes, and whole grains. Spicy foods should be avoided as they can worsen mood swings and hot flushes. Your nutritional specialist might recommend supplements such as evening primrose oil and vitamin E to help reduce hot flushes and night sweats. Vitamin B6 rich foods such as potatoes, bananas, meat and walnuts can help tackle water retention. Other healthy eating habits that should be followed by everyone and to avoid weight gain during the menopause include: A high protein, low carb breakfast in the mornings. High sugar juice drinks are not recommended because they can cause energy drops and hunger soon after breakfast. This can cause bad snacking habits and increase the risk of further weight gain. When eating starchy foods, opt for whole grain, instead of white and refined, as they will have more fibre to aid digestion and provide a slow release of energy, to keep you fuller for longer. Your plate should not have too many starchy foods as this can increase the glycaemic load on the plate and promote the release of large amounts of insulin. This can cause more fat to accumulate in the body. Reduce salt intake, as too much salt, can raise blood pressure and increase the risk of a heart attack or stroke. Reduce your consumption of saturated fat and increase the consumption of healthy fats, like that from avocado, olive oil and use unsaturated spreads. Olive oil also contains vitamin E which promotes the production of oestrogen. Aim to eat 5 portions of fruit and vegetables a day. Apricots are a good source of Calcium for bone health and potassium that can reduce fluid retention and lower blood pressure. Eating fibre rich foods aids digestion and controls cholesterol. These include; whole grains, vegetables and legumes. Avoiding stimulants such as coffee, tea, yerba mate and Coca-Cola is a good idea as these promote insulin production and the storage of body fat. It is recommended to combine these with fibre-rich foods and take them in decaffeinated form the rest of the day. Preparing for the menopause diet When preparing for a menopause diet you should always follow the guidelines of a nutrition and diet specialist as well as an endocrinology specialist. Depending on the individual, they will recommend specific healthy habits (diet and exercise) that need to be followed before, during and after the diet. Post-diet care You will need to correctly maintain the diet, following the instructions of the nutritional specialist. Adhering to the guidelines will help you avoid future illness or disease due to the slowing down of the body, as well as improve menopausal symptoms. ...

Metabolic disorder

What are metabolic disorders? Metabolic disorders are different conditions that affect the body’s metabolism and ability to break down food. Metabolic disorders are commonly inherited from family where they have inherited a defective gene which results in enzyme deficiency. These are called inherited metabolic disorders. There are hundreds of different metabolic disorders and the symptoms, prognosis and treatment can differ a lot. The metabolism is the complex set of processes and chemical reactions that allows your body to create energy. Enzymes and certain chemicals are needed for this and if these enzymes or chemicals are not available, a metabolic disorder results. There are different categories of metabolic disorders and include: Disorders where a certain enzyme or chemical builds up because it cannot be broken down. Disorders that have too little of a certain enzyme or chemical. Disorders that are missing certain enzymes or chemicals. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is one inherited metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. This can result in learning and physical disabilities if not treated. Other inherited metabolic disorders include: Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD) Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) Glycogen storage disease (GSD) Galactosaemia Mitochondrial disorders Prognosis of metabolic disorders: Depending on the type of metabolic disorder and how well it is managed, children and adults can become quite ill and need hospitalisation with metabolic disorders. Some that are detected at birth, if treated can be managed well. Symptoms of metabolic disorders: The symptoms of metabolic disorders vary depending on the type of disorder and can either be chronic or come on suddenly. In inherited metabolic disorders, symptoms can present soon after birth, but some only won’t be obvious for years. Symptoms can include: Fatigue Nausea Weight loss Poor appetite Abdominal pain Seizures Jaundice Developmental delays Coma Medical tests to diagnose metabolic disorders: All babies are screened for certain inherited metabolic disorders. If a baby is suspected of having a metabolic disorder after birth, blood tests will be run to determine this. If a metabolic disorder is not detected at birth, sometimes symptoms won’t appear for a while, which when they do will require blood tests and DNA analysis to diagnose. Specialist centres and teams are able to do this. What are the causes of metabolic disorders? Most metabolic disorders are caused by the fact that a single enzyme is not made by the body or does not function properly. The code required to create that specific enzyme is contained on a pair of genes, which if defective can result in a metabolic disorder. However, only children that inherit two copies of a defective gene from their parents will develop a metabolic disorder. Can metabolic disorders be prevented? Inherited metabolic disorders cannot be prevented, however, if managed and treated early on, the prognosis is often better. Treatments for metabolic disorders: There are no cures available for inherited metabolic disorders, however, treatment focuses on overcoming the problems with metabolism. However, treatments will vary depending on the type of metabolic disorder. Treatment may involve a special diet that eliminates certain nutrients, taking enzyme replacements or detoxifying the blood of dangerous chemical that have built up as a result of impaired metabolism. Which type of specialist treats metabolic disorders? An endocrinologist would treat metabolic disorders. ...

Metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome, or plurimetabolic syndrome is the association of different health problems that can occur simultaneously or in a sequence in the same patient. Insulin resistance, genetics, environment and lifestyle are the most common causes related to this syndrome that involves a number of risks to the health, so they must be controlled immediately by a specialist. The insulin resistance causes diabetes, which is associated with a rise in blood pressure, increased cholesterol and triglyceride levels and obesity on the waist area. The main causes, especially in people over 40 years but also younger, include prolonged stress over time, a poor diet, and long fasting between meals. The general pattern of these patients is that, after a period of time with this lifestyle, they suddenly suffer a decline in their quality of life and health without seeming ill. ...

Osteoporosis diet

What is osteoporosis? Osteoporosis is a disease that tends to develop with age, in which bones become porous and brittle. The body is constantly breaking down bone and creating new bone, but if the body loses too much or doesn’t make enough, the natural hollows and spaces in the bones grow, reducing the strength of the bones and making them susceptible to breaks and fractures. Osteoporosis may occur due to poor bone health. You can help to keep your bones strong and healthy by doing regular exercise and eating a healthy diet. These preventative measures can help reduce your risk of osteoporosis and the right diet can aid treatment in those who already have osteoporosis.   What is the best diet for osteoporosis? A balanced diet is a good idea for many reasons. Besides helping to prevent osteoporosis, it can also lower the risk of heart disease, diabetes, and even some forms of cancer. In terms of keeping your bones healthy and strong, the most important elements of your diet are: Calcium – strengthens bone. It is recommended that adults take in 700 mg of calcium a day. Calcium-rich foods include dairy products, leafy green vegetables, tofu, and dried fruit. Vitamin D – helps the body to absorb calcium. It is recommended that adults take in 10 micrograms (mcg) a day. Vitamin D can be found in oily fish, red meat, egg yolks, liver, and fortified foods such as some breakfast cereals and most fat spreads. We can also get vitamin D from the sun – exposing our skin to sunlight causes our bodies to synthesise its own vitamin D. However, it can be difficult to regularly make or take in enough vitamin D, so a daily supplement may be a good idea. Is diet the only thing I can do to prevent osteoporosis? Exercise is equally important. Our bodies respond to our needs, and if we exercise regularly, our bodies recognise the need to cope with the strain of physical activity. In response, our muscles grow, and at the same time, our bone strength increases in order to anchor the increased strength of the muscles and withstand the pressure of exercise. By combining exercise with the right diet, we can improve our bone strength and general health, and reduce the risk of many conditions, including osteoporosis.   Is diet enough to reverse osteoporosis? If you are already suffering the effects of osteoporosis, it is highly unlikely that simply changing your diet will rebuild the lost bone. You should see a specialist who can help you to plan a combination of treatment and lifestyle measures to give your bones the best chance of becoming stronger. ...

Simple goitre

What is a simple goitre? A simple goitre is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, with a lack of thyroid malfunction or thyroid cancer being apparent. Most goitres are non-cancerous and goitres are not tumours. The thyroid gland is located at the front of the neck where the collarbones meet. It is an important gland in the endocrine system, as it makes the hormones which control many processes in our bodies. How is a simple goitre caused? Goitres are most commonly caused by iodine deficiency. Iodine is paramount in producing hormones through the thyroid. Thus if there is not enough iodine in the body, the thyroid increases in size as it tries to get more iodine. A goitre can also be caused by an infection, a reaction to the immune system attacking the thyroid, smoking, and certain foods and medications. Goitres are more common in those who have a family history of them, people aged over 40, and women. What are the symptoms of a simple goitre? The main symptom of a goitre is an enlarged thyroid gland, which may range in size, from looking like a small spot or nodule to a large lump. In very rare cases a goitre can put pressure on the trachea (windpipe) and oesophagus, which can cause breathing problems, a cough, and problems swallowing. What is the treatment? Most goitres cause no medical problems, so they do not need treatment. However, if they display symptoms, and affect quality of life because of pressure on the trachea, then treatment may be deemed necessary. A goitre can be treated in different ways, including: Thyroid hormone replacement pills Iodine solution Doses of iodine to shrink the gland Surgery to remove the gland, or a part of it How can goitres be prevented? Goitres cannot often be prevented, but as they are sometimes connected to lack of iodine, it is important to make sure you get enough in your diet. A lot of the salt we consume is iodised, which means iodine is added to it. However, it is important to regulate the amount of salt consumed. Other ways of getting enough iodine include eating seaweed or seafood, such as shellfish. Too much iodine can also cause a goitre to form, so be mindful of how much you consume.  ...

Thyroid

The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland located in the front of the neck, below the Adam’s apple. The thyroid is shaped a little like a butterfly, and is responsible for producing hormones throughout your body. The hormones produced by the thyroid help to control such things as the burning of calories in your body, the speed of your body’s metabolism, and regulates the body’s development from birth to old age.   Diseases that can affect the thyroid   There are a number of diseases and disorders that can affect the thyroid, which usually cause either the production of too much or not enough hormones that the body needs, which can lead to other problems elsewhere. Problems that can affect the thyroid include:   Hyperthyroidism Otherwise known as overactive thyroid, this condition is when the thyroid gland produces too much of the thyroid hormone. An excess of the hormone can lead to many problems, such as changes in mood, anxiety, tiredness and heart palpitations amongst others. Hypothyroidism The opposite of hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism is when not enough of the thyroid hormone is produced, leading to symptoms of constipation, feeling cold and tired, and difficulty concentrating. If a person is suffering with hypothyroidism at a young age, it can cause problems with growth, delayed puberty, and irregular periods. Goitre This is the term used for an enlarged thyroid, and is associated with a malfunctioning thyroid. It can cause symptoms of coughing, difficulty swallowing and even difficulty breathing in some cases. Thyroid cancer Along with other organs and glands in the body, the thyroid is also susceptible to cancer. It is more common in women aged between 25 and 65, and is more commonplace in Asian people, though it can affect anyone. Thyroiditis This is the general term for an inflamed thyroid. It can refer to a number of conditions such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Postpartum thyroiditis, and Subacute thyroiditis. All of these conditions affect different age groups, and have different kinds of symptoms, though the common symptom is swelling of the thyroid gland.   How are thyroid problems treated?   Treatment for a thyroid disorder varies depending on the type of condition. Some may be treated with medication, where others may require surgery. Medication can be prescribed to correct the hormone levels produced by the thyroid gland, such as to help produce more hormone in the case of hypothyroidism, or to restrict the amount of hormone produced with hyperthyroidism. When surgery is required, it will usually involve removal of part of the gland, or to remove part of the swelling or goitre. The surgical treatment for patients with thyroid cancer is good, with many patients making a full recovery when the cancer is found early. ...

Thyroid nodules

What are thyroid nodules? Thyroid nodules are abnormal growths of thyroid cells and tissue which form a lump in the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located in the neck and releases thyroid hormone, which helps to control the body’s metabolism. Thyroid nodules are usually non-cancerous (benign), but some are cancerous, which means thyroid nodules must be evaluated in order to treat thyroid cancer in its early stages. What are the symptoms? Thyroid nodules usually do not cause symptoms, and most are found during routine examinations or through CT scans or other similar imaging tests. Most thyroid nodules are non-functioning, but some do produce an excess of thyroid hormone, which results in hyperthyroidism. Thyroid nodules may become noticeable if the nodule is large enough, as a lump may be seen on the neck, or the nodule may cause problems breathing and swallowing due to it restricting the windpipe. What causes thyroid nodules? Thyroid nodules do not always have a known or apparent cause. Some nodules are associated with iodine deficiency, but this is uncommon as iodine is often added to salt and other foods. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, an autoimmune condition, is associated with an increased risk of developing thyroid nodules. Thyroid nodules can be caused by an excess of thyroid tissue, swelling of the thyroid (goitre), and thyroid cysts. However, it is not always clear why growths and swelling occur.   How can they be prevented? Thyroid nodules cannot be prevented. There are tests which can determine if an individual has a thyroid nodule, but these should always be discussed with a doctor. What is the treatment? Treatment for thyroid nodules depends on whether the nodule is benign or cancerous, and if it is functioning or not. If a thyroid nodule is cancerous, it must be removed surgically. Thyroid cancer, on the whole, is treatable and curable. Surgery may also be performed if the thyroid nodule is particularly large and causes the patient discomfort. The nodule also may be removed if it is actively secreting hormones. If a thyroid nodule is benign, then treatment may not be necessary, and the thyroid nodule will be monitored closely. Thyroid function tests and physical examinations will be performed regularly to make sure the nodule is still benign. If the thyroid nodule produces thyroid hormones, this can be treated using medication, radioactive iodine treatment, or in some cases, surgery.   ...

Thyroiditis

What is thyroiditis? The term thyroiditis refers to an infection of the thyroid gland, and is a general term – there are several types of thyroiditis causing inflammation in various ways, and treatment varies depending on the kind which the patient has. The thyroid gland produces hormones which help to control the body’s metabolism and growth. Types of thyroiditis include Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, De Quervain’s thyroiditis, postpartum thyroiditis, drug-induced thyroiditis, radiation-induced thyroiditis, infectious thyroiditis, and silent (or painless) thyroiditis.  What are the symptoms of thyroiditis? Symptoms vary depending on the type of thyroiditis contracted. De Quervain’s thyroiditis, for example, can cause fever, and pain to occur in the jaw, neck, and ear. The thyroid gland may, in addition, release too much thyroid hormone, causing symptoms of hyperthyroidism, e.g anxiety, heart palpitations, and inability to sleep (insomnia). Symptoms of an overactive thyroid gland are also experienced in postpartum thyroiditis, which affects a very small amount of women shortly after giving birth. These symptoms may be seen in silent thyroiditis, drug-induced thyroiditis, radiation-induced thyroiditis, and acute thyroiditis. Equally, these types of thyroiditis may display symptoms of an underactive thyroid gland. An overactive thyroid gland produces symptoms including: Anxiety Mood swings Trouble sleeping Feeling weak, or muscle weakness Lack of sexual interest Nervousness Irritability Hyperactivity Fatigue Diarrhoea An increased need to urinate An underactive thyroid gland produces symptoms including: Weight gain Being constipated Muscle cramps Dry skin Hair and nails breaking easily or feeling brittle Loss of sex drive Irregular periods Heavy periods Depression Feeling sensitive to the cold What causes thyroiditis? As thyroiditis comes in many forms, it can be caused in different ways. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is caused by the immune system attacking the thyroid gland. De Quervain’s thyroiditis is caused by a viral infection such as the flu. Thyroiditis can also occur in women who have recently given birth, although this is more common in women with type 1 diabetes. Certain medications and radiation (e.g from radiotherapy) can also affect the thyroid gland, causing thyroiditis. Lastly, infectious thyroiditis (also called acute thyroiditis can be caused by an infection. How can thyroiditis be prevented? Most types of thyroiditis cannot be prevented, but lifestyle measures and looking after your body can help in the event of an infection. Get regular exercise, drink in moderation, and if you smoke, it is advisable that you give up. What is the treatment for thyroiditis? Treatment for thyroiditis depends on the kind which the patient has. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune condition and it can take months or years to even detect. In Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, as it is incurable. Other types of thyroiditis can be treated with medication, which attempts to restore normal thyroid function. Pain can be relieved with over-the-counter painkillers such as ibuprofen. In some cases, thyroiditis causes low thyroid hormone levels, meaning hormone replacement therapy may become necessary. This treatment is often lifelong. If the thyroiditis is infectious, it may be treated with antibiotics, and in children, surgery is usually necessary to remove the abnormal part of the thyroid.  ...

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