All about retinal vein occlusion (RVO)

Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a common vascular disorder of the eye that can lead to sudden or progressive vision loss. It occurs when a vein responsible for draining blood from the retina becomes blocked, causing blood and fluid to leak into retinal tissue. This disrupts the normal function of the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye essential for clear vision.

There are two main types of RVO: central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), which affects the main retinal vein, and branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), which involves smaller branches. CRVO typically results in more severe vision impairment, while BRVO may affect only a portion of the visual field.

Several risk factors contribute to the development of RVO. These include high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, smoking, and age-related vascular changes. Conditions that increase blood clotting or cause inflammation can also elevate risk. As such, RVO is often associated with systemic health issues, making overall health management an important aspect of prevention.

Symptoms of RVO vary but commonly include blurred or distorted vision, dark spots, or sudden vision loss in one eye. In some cases, especially early on, symptoms may be mild or even unnoticed. Diagnosis is typically made through a comprehensive eye examination, including imaging tests such as optical coherence tomography or fluorescein angiography.

While there is no cure for RVO, treatments can help manage complications and improve visual outcomes. These may include intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF medications, corticosteroids, or laser therapy to reduce swelling and prevent further damage.

Early detection and timely treatment are crucial. Regular eye exams and proper management of underlying health conditions play a key role in reducing the impact of retinal vein occlusion and preserving vision.