Dysphagia: what is it and why does it happen?
Difficulty swallowing, medically known as dysphagia, is a condition that can affect people of all ages. While it may sometimes be temporary, persistent swallowing problems can indicate an underlying health issue that requires medical attention.
What is dysphagia?
Dysphagia refers to any difficulty swallowing food or liquids. People with this condition may feel that food sticks in the throat or chest, cough or choke while eating, or experience discomfort when swallowing. Dysphagia can be mild and occasional or severe and persistent, potentially affecting nutrition and overall health.
Common causes of dysphagia
Dysphagia can result from a range of conditions. Causes are generally divided into oropharyngeal (problems in the mouth and throat) and oesophageal (problems in the food pipe) categories.
Oropharyngeal dysphagia
This type affects the mouth or throat and is often linked to muscle or nerve problems. Causes may include:
- Neurological conditions, such as stroke or Parkinson’s disease.
- Muscle disorders, including muscular dystrophy or myasthenia gravis.
- Structural abnormalities from surgery or injury.
People with oropharyngeal dysphagia may cough, choke, or feel that food is “stuck” at the back of the throat.
Oesophageal dysphagia
This type affects the oesophagus, the tube connecting the throat to the stomach. Causes can include:
- Acid reflux and inflammation (oesophagitis).
- Narrowing of the oesophagus (strictures).
- Oesophageal tumours or growths.
Symptoms may include chest discomfort, regurgitation of food, or pain when swallowing solids more than liquids.
When to see an ENT specialist
If swallowing problems are frequent, worsening, or associated with weight loss, pain, or persistent coughing, medical advice should be sought promptly. An ENT specialist can perform a thorough examination, recommend tests such as endoscopy or imaging, and work with speech and swallowing therapists for tailored management.
How dysphagia is diagnosed
Diagnosis usually begins with a detailed medical history and physical examination. Additional tests may include:
- Endoscopy to visually inspect the throat and oesophagus.
- Barium swallow X-rays to track how food moves down the oesophagus.
- Swallowing studies with a speech therapist.
These investigations help identify the cause and guide the most appropriate treatment for difficulty swallowing.
Dysphagia is more than a minor inconvenience; it can affect nutrition, health, and quality of life. Understanding what dysphagia is and recognising the common causes can help patients seek timely medical advice.
Visit Mr Ravinder Natt’s Top Doctors profile if you are experiencing persistent or worsening swallowing problems and want to explore the most appropriate treatment options for you.