First seizures: what you need to know
Experiencing a seizure for the first time can be alarming and confusing. While seizures can happen for many different reasons, understanding what happens during an initial episode, what might trigger it, and how it is investigated can help you take the right steps for your health.
What is a seizure?
A seizure occurs when there is a sudden, temporary disturbance in the electrical activity of the brain. This can affect movement, sensation, behaviour, or consciousness. Seizures vary widely, some people may simply stare blankly for a few seconds, while others may experience convulsions or lose awareness completely.
Common triggers
A seizure can be caused by a variety of factors, including:
- High fever (particularly in children)
- Sleep deprivation
- Alcohol or drug use
- Head injury
- Low blood sugar or electrolyte imbalances
Underlying conditions
Sometimes a first seizure may reveal a more persistent neurological condition, such as epilepsy, a brain infection, or a structural abnormality in the brain. However, many people who experience a single seizure do not go on to have repeated episodes.
Recognising a seizure
Seizures can be difficult to identify, especially if you were alone when it happened. Signs may include:
- Sudden collapse or loss of consciousness.
- Muscle jerking or twitching.
- Staring blankly or unresponsiveness.
- Confusion or unusual behaviour immediately after.
If someone witnesses a seizure, noting the duration, movements, and any triggers can be very helpful for your doctor.
What to do after a seizure
It is important to see a doctor after a seizure. Your GP may refer you to a neurologist for further tests, such as:
- Electroencephalogram (EEG): to record electrical activity in the brain.
- MRI or CT scan: to look for structural causes.
- Blood tests: to check for metabolic or infectious causes.
Safety precautions
After a seizure, it is sensible to avoid driving or operating heavy machinery until cleared by a doctor. Also, try to identify potential triggers and ensure you have support in case another episode occurs.
Treatment and outlook
Not everyone who has a seizure requires long-term anti-seizure medication. Treatment decisions depend on the cause, the type of seizure, and the risk of recurrence. Many people who experience a single episode may never have another, while some may need medication to prevent further seizures.
Lifestyle measures, such as good sleep hygiene, stress management, and avoiding known triggers, can also help reduce the risk of future seizures.
If you or someone you know experiences seizures, visit consultant neurologist Dr Krista Farrell’s Top Doctors profile for expert guidance and support.