Sinus surgery explained: what patients need to know before, during, and after the procedure
Sinus problems can affect anyone, from children to adults, causing discomfort, congestion, and recurrent infections. For some patients, medications and lifestyle changes aren’t enough, and sinus surgery becomes the most effective option.
In this article, consultant ear, nose and throat surgeon Mr Michael Saunders explains what sinus surgery involves, how to prepare for it, what happens during the procedure, and what to expect in the recovery period.
Understanding sinus surgery
Sinus surgery, also called functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), is a procedure designed to improve drainage and function of the sinus cavities. Surgeons use specialised instruments and a small camera (endoscope) to access blocked sinuses, remove obstructions such as polyps or thickened tissue, and restore normal airflow.
Why surgery may be needed
- Chronic sinus infections persist despite medication.
- Nasal polyps cause obstruction.
- Structural issues, such as a deviated septum, contribute to ongoing problems.
- Severe symptoms affect quality of life, including sleep disturbance or headaches.
Preparing for sinus surgery
The ENT surgeon will perform a thorough examination, often including nasal endoscopy and CT scans, to pinpoint the problem. Medical history, medications, and allergies are carefully reviewed.
Patients are usually advised to:
- Avoid blood-thinning medications such as aspirin or ibuprofen.
- Stop smoking, as it can delay healing.
- Arrange for someone to accompany them home after the procedure.
What happens during surgery
Sinus surgery is usually performed under general anaesthesia, although minor procedures may use local anaesthetic.
During the surgery, small instruments and an endoscope are gently inserted through the nostrils. The surgeon carefully removes any blockages, such as polyps or inflamed tissue, and ensures that the sinuses can drain properly, restoring normal airflow and function.
The operation typically lasts between 1 and 3 hours. Most patients are able to go home the same day, though some may require an overnight stay.
Recovery and aftercare
Mild pain, nasal congestion, and minor bleeding for a few days are normal. Pain relief and saline nasal sprays are usually recommended.
Check-ups are scheduled to remove any crusting or packing and to monitor healing. It is essential to follow instructions regarding nasal irrigation and avoid strenuous activities for several weeks.
Long-term expectations
Most patients notice a significant improvement in sinus drainage, reduction in infections, and relief from nasal obstruction. Full recovery typically occurs within 4–6 weeks, although some benefits may continue to improve over several months.
Sinus surgery is a safe and effective solution for patients with chronic or severe sinus problems when conservative treatments fail. Understanding what to expect before, during, and after the procedure can reduce anxiety and help achieve the best outcomes.