Understanding arthritis in children
Arthritis is often perceived as a condition affecting the elderly, yet it can also impact children. It is a prevalent condition impacting millions of individuals globally.
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common type in young people, causing persistent joint pain and swelling. It is important to recognise the signs and symptoms early to manage the condition effectively and improve the quality of life for affected children.
Leading consultant paediatric rheumatologist Dr Vinay Shivamurthy explores the condition.
What is juvenile idiopathic arthritis?
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, previously known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, refers to a group of autoimmune diseases causing inflammation in one or more joints lasting for at least six weeks in children under 16 years old.
The most common types are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The immune system, which usually protects the body from infections, mistakenly attacks healthy joint tissues, leading to pain, swelling, and stiffness.
Types of JIA
There are several types of JIA, each with distinct characteristics:
- Oligoarticular JIA affects four or fewer joints, usually the knees, ankles, or wrists, and is the most common form with a generally better prognosis.
- Polyarticular JIA involves five or more joints, impacting both large and small joints, and may be more severe.
- Systemic JIA, also known as Still’s disease, can cause inflammation in internal organs such as the heart, liver, and spleen, along with joint inflammation.
- Enthesitis-related JIA involves inflammation where tendons attach to bones, often affecting the spine and lower limbs.
- Psoriatic JIA, associated with the skin condition psoriasis, involves joint inflammation and may include nail changes and a scaly rash.
What are the symptoms to watch for?
Parents and caregivers should be aware of the common symptoms of JIA, which include:
- Joint pain and tenderness.
- Swelling in one or more joints.
- Morning stiffness.
- Fatigue and lethargy.
- Reduced range of motion.
- Fever or rash (in systemic JIA).
Diagnosis and treatment
Diagnosing JIA involves a thorough physical examination, medical history review, and laboratory tests such as blood tests and imaging studies like X-rays or MRIs.
Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent joint damage and other complications.
Treatment options
The main goals of JIA treatment are to reduce inflammation, ease pain, and improve joint function.
Common treatments include medications such as NSAIDs, DMARDs, and biological agents, which can help manage inflammation and pain.
Physical therapy with specialised exercises can enhance joint mobility and strengthen muscles, while occupational therapy provides methods and tools to support daily activities and maintain independence.
Additionally, lifestyle adjustments like regular exercise, a healthy diet, and adequate rest are crucial for managing symptoms effectively.
Support options and management
Living with JIA can be challenging for children and their families. Emotional support, counselling, and joining support groups can provide much-needed assistance and improve coping strategies.
Open communication with healthcare providers ensures that treatment plans are adjusted as needed to meet the evolving needs of the child.
Understanding and managing JIA requires a comprehensive approach, combining medical treatment, physical therapy, and emotional support.
Early intervention and consistent care can significantly enhance the well-being of children with arthritis, helping them lead fulfilling lives.
If you would like to book a consultation with Dr Shivamurthy, do not hesitate to do so by visiting his Top Doctors profile today.