Understanding different types of skin cancer

Skin cancer is the abnormal growth of skin cells, often triggered by excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. It is the most common form of cancer worldwide, affecting millions of people annually. While highly treatable when detected early, understanding the different types of skin cancer is essential for prevention and management. The three primary types of skin cancer are basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for around 80% of all cases. It originates in the basal cells, which are found in the lowest part of the epidermis. BCC usually appears as a pearly or waxy bump, a flat, flesh-colored lesion, or a scar-like area. It tends to grow slowly and rarely spreads to other parts of the body. However, if left untreated, it can cause significant damage to surrounding tissues.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common type of skin cancer. It arises from the squamous cells, which make up most of the skin's upper layers. SCC often appears as a firm, red nodule or a flat lesion with a scaly or crusted surface. Unlike BCC, SCC has a higher risk of spreading to nearby lymph nodes or other organs if not treated promptly.

Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer but accounts for only a small percentage of cases. It develops in melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing pigment in the skin. Melanoma often begins as a mole that changes in size, shape, or colour. The ABCDE rule—Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Colour variation, Diameter over 6mm, and Evolution—helps identify suspicious moles. Early detection is crucial, as melanoma can spread quickly to other parts of the body.

Prevention remains the best defense against skin cancer. Protecting the skin from UV exposure by wearing sunscreen, seeking shade, and avoiding tanning beds can significantly reduce the risk. Regular skin checks by a healthcare professional and self-examinations are essential for early detection and effective treatment.