Understanding glaucoma: signs, symptoms and risks

Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible sight loss in the UK, yet many people are unaware they have it. Often called the “silent thief of sight,” glaucoma can develop slowly and without obvious symptoms.

In this article, cataract and glaucoma surgeon Mr Luke Anderson explains the key signs, symptoms, and risk factors of glaucoma, helping you understand when to seek advice from an eye specialist.

What is glaucoma?

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, which carries visual information from the eye to the brain. This damage is often linked to increased intraocular pressure (IOP). Over time, glaucoma can lead to permanent vision loss if left untreated.

Common signs and symptoms

One of the earliest signs of glaucoma is a slow reduction in peripheral vision. Many people do not notice this until the condition has advanced, which is why regular eye tests are so important.

Tunnel vision

As glaucoma progresses, it can cause tunnel vision, where the field of vision narrows. This makes it difficult to see objects to the side, affecting daily activities such as driving or walking safely.

Sudden eye pain and redness

Acute glaucoma, particularly angle-closure glaucoma, can present with sudden eye pain, blurred vision, headaches, or halos around lights. This is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment.

Other symptoms

Some patients may experience frequent changes in prescription glasses, sensitivity to light, or difficulty adjusting to low-light conditions. However, many people with early glaucoma have no noticeable symptoms at all.

Who is at risk?

Several factors can increase the likelihood of developing glaucoma, including:

Age

Glaucoma is more common in people over 40, with the risk increasing as we get older.

Family history

If a close relative has glaucoma, your risk is significantly higher, highlighting the importance of regular screening.

Other health conditions

Conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or previous eye injuries can increase the likelihood of developing glaucoma.

Ethnicity

People of African, Caribbean, or Asian descent are at a higher risk of certain types of glaucoma, including open-angle glaucoma and angle-closure glaucoma.

Prevention and early detection

While glaucoma cannot always be prevented, early detection through regular eye examinations is crucial. Optometrists can measure eye pressure, assess the optic nerve, and check your visual field to detect glaucoma before noticeable symptoms appear. Prompt treatment with eye drops, laser therapy, or surgery can slow disease progression and protect your vision.

Glaucoma is a serious eye condition that can lead to irreversible vision loss if left untreated. Understanding the signs, symptoms, and risk factors is essential for early detection and effective management.