Why your elbow hurts: common conditions explained
Elbow pain is a common complaint that can affect people of all ages, from office workers typing at a desk to athletes in training. While it is rarely a sign of something serious, it can be painful, limit movement, and interfere with everyday activities.
In this article, consultant orthopaedic surgeon Mr David Thyagarajan explains the most common causes of elbow pain, how they are diagnosed, and what treatment options are available.
1. Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)
Tennis elbow is caused by overuse of the muscles and tendons on the outside of the elbow. Despite the name, it does not only affect tennis players and can occur in anyone who performs repetitive gripping or lifting movements.
Symptoms:
- Pain and tenderness on the outer elbow.
- Weakness when lifting or gripping objects.
- Discomfort that worsens with activity.
Treatment:
Most cases improve with rest, physiotherapy, and anti-inflammatory medication. In persistent cases, injections or, rarely, surgery may be required.
2. Golfer’s elbow (medial epicondylitis)
Golfer’s elbow affects the tendons on the inner side of the elbow. It is often caused by repetitive wrist and forearm movements, including golfing, throwing, or certain types of manual work.
Symptoms:
- Pain on the inner elbow.
- Stiffness and weakness in the wrist.
- Pain that worsens with gripping or twisting actions.
Treatment:
Treatment focuses on rest, physiotherapy, and pain relief. A gradual return to activity is recommended once symptoms improve.
3. Elbow bursitis
Elbow bursitis occurs when the small fluid-filled sacs that cushion the elbow become inflamed. This can result from prolonged pressure, trauma, or infection.
Symptoms:
- Swelling at the tip of the elbow.
- Redness or warmth in some cases.
- Pain when leaning on or moving the elbow.
Treatment:
Mild cases may resolve with rest and anti-inflammatory medication. Severe or infected bursitis may require drainage or antibiotics.
4. Arthritis of the elbow
Elbow arthritis causes the joint to become inflamed, stiff, and painful. It can be osteoarthritis, which results from wear and tear, or inflammatory arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Symptoms:
- Stiffness, particularly in the morning.
- Swelling and tenderness.
- Reduced range of motion.
Treatment:
Management can include pain relief, physiotherapy, joint injections, and, in some cases, surgery to restore movement.
5. Nerve-related pain
Sometimes, elbow pain can be caused by pressure on nerves, such as the ulnar nerve at the elbow, known as cubital tunnel syndrome.
Symptoms:
- Tingling or numbness in the ring and little fingers.
- Weakness in hand grip.
- Pain that may extend down the arm.
Treatment:
Conservative treatments like splints and physiotherapy are often effective. Surgery may be required if symptoms are severe or persistent.
Elbow pain is usually manageable and rarely a sign of a serious problem, but it can significantly affect daily life. Persistent or severe pain should always be assessed by a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and personalised care plan.