Mr Ahmed R. Ahmed

Mr Ahmed R. Ahmed
Surgery
Central London


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Mr Ahmed R. Ahmed

Surgeon in
London

PhD FRCS

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Mr Ahmed R. Ahmed areas of expertise:

Professional statement

Mr Ahmed R. Ahmed is one of London's leading surgeons. Practising on Harley Street and other reputable clinics, he specialises in laparoscopic (keyhole) gastrointestinal and hernia surgery as well as having a specialist interest in weight loss. He has been committed to education and training, winning numerous prizes and awards throughout his career and now he serves as a senior lecturer at Imperial College London. He runs his own research team investigating mechanisms of weight loss surgery as well as researching newer technologies for helping people lose weight. He forms an integral part of numerous professional bodies including the British Obesity and Metabolic Surgery Society and has been widely published in numerous field-related, peer-reviewed journals.  

Mr Ahmed will provide you with a friendly and honest opinion regarding your suitability for surgery, putting your safety and well-being as the first priority. He pays particular attention to pre and postoperative care in order to optimize the outcome of your operation and provide you with a smooth recovery after surgery. Mr Ahmed has >99% success in achieving a complete laparoscopic result without converting to open surgery.

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 Credentials

GMC: ‍4305462

 Professional experience

• More than 25 years of experience
• Consultant Surgeon, Bupa Cromwell Hospital, London (present)
• Consultant Surgeon, The Lindo Wing of St Mary’s, Imperial Private Healthcare, London (present)
• Consultant Surgeon, 108 Harley Street, London (present)
• Director of Surgery and Co-founder, Total Weight Solutions Ltd (present)
• Consultant Surgeon and Senior Lecturer, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London (present)

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 Sub-specialties

• Obesity (bariatric) surgery
• Laparoscopic surgery
• Upper gastrointestinal surgery
• Acute surgical emergency
• Weight loss
• General surgery
• Gastrointestinal surgery
• Hernia surgery

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 Positions in public associations

• Member of Council (Clinical Section) of Royal Society of Medicine
• Scientific Committee and Local Organising Committee member IFSO 2017

 Teaching posts

• Consultant Surgeon and Clinical Lead Bariatric Surgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, and Senior Lecturer, Imperial College London

 Education

• PhD in bariatric surgery mechanisms of complications by Imperial College London (ongoing)
• Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MBBS with Distinctions
• United States Medical Licensing Examinations Steps 1, 2 and 3
• Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England FRCS (Gen)
• Chartered Management Institute - Diploma in Management
• US Fellowship training in Minimally Invasive Surgery and Bariatric Surgery (2005 - 2006)
• University College London and Middlesex Hospital School of Medicine
• Bachelor of Science in Pharmacology - 1st class Honours degree

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 Publications and conferences

• Author of numerous scientific papers and investigations

 Prizes and awards

• Association of Upper GastroIntestinal Surgeons Scholarship
• International Federation for the Surgery for Obesity (IFSO) Scholarship
• Royal College of Surgeons Ethicon Travelling Scholarship
• Distinction in Pathology (MBBS Examination)
• Distinction in Clinical Pharmacology (MBBS Examination)
• Aitchison Prize for Best Overall Performer (MBBS Examination)
• Sydney Long Prize in Surgery Sir Thomas Lewis Prize in Cardiology
• John Jepson Memorial Prize Magrath Prize for Best Overall Performance (1st Clinical Year)
• John Murray & Sir William Gowers Prize in Clinical Pharmacology (1st Clinical Year)
• Filliter, Kingston Fowler & Tuke Prize in Pathology (1st Clinical Year)
• Shanks Foundation Scholarship (Pharmacology BSc)
• Jackson Lewis Scholarship (Pharmacology BSc)
• Nuffield Foundation Bursary (Pharmacology BSc)
• Certificate of Merit in Pharmacology (2nd Preclinical Year)
• Certificate of Merit in Anatomy and Developmental Biology (2nd Preclinical Year)
• Certificate of Merit in Anatomy (1st Preclinical Year)
• Drummond Prize in Biochemistry (1st Preclinical Year)

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 Professional membership

• Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
• Member of Council (Clinical Section) of Royal Society of Medicine
• Member of British Medical Association (BMA)
• Member of American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS)
• Member of Society of American Gastroenterological and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES)
• Member of Association of Upper GI Surgeons (AUGIS)
• Member of British Obesity Surgery Society (BOSS)
• Member of committee of Allergan UK Surgical Advisory Board
• Member of committee of The Wellcome Trust Technology Transfer Panel and Grant Review Committee
• Member of the International Development Committee of ASMBS (American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery)
• Member of Excellence Review Committe of the SRC International Bariatric Surgery Centres
• Member of the international affairs committe and new technology committee at the BOMS (British Obesity Surgery Society)
• Covidien European Surgical Energy Device Advisory Board

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Languages spoken

  • English
  • French
  • Urdu

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05/01/2018

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Diseases, Medical Tests and Treatments

Acid reflux

Gastroesophageal reflux is a digestive disorder where acid from the stomach leaks back into the oesophagus. It usually occurs because of weakness in t ...

Bariatric surgery

Bariatric surgery uses of a set of techniques and surgical procedures that help fight obesity and improve the patient's health. It is not to be mistak ...

Diabetes surgery

Type 2 diabetes is a condition where a person has a high blood sugar level, and is often associated with obesity, and is more common as people get old ...

Gallbladder surgery

What is gallbladder surgery? Gallbladder surgery is a surgical procedure that is performed to remove the gallbladder, an organ located in the lower ...

Hernia

A hernia appears as a lump, most commonly in the abdominal or groin area. They occur when an organ, often the bowel, protrudes through the cavity which normally contains it. ...

Hiatal hernia

A hiatal hernia occurs when a portion of the stomach ascends to the thorax, through an opening located in the diaphragm, the barrier that separates the thorax from the abdomen. When the stomach moves to the thorax, the aforementioned separation loses its function and a gastroesophageal reflux occurs, that is, the gastric contents return to the oesophagus and irritate it. Symptoms caused by this condition may be burning in the chest or throat, hoarseness, asthma or breathing problems. The symptoms worsen after eating, when sleeping or bending over. The treatment of hiatal hernia depends on its severity, and sometimes it does not require any type of therapy. In mild cases, the aim is to control the symptoms, which improve with changes in the diet and postural changes. In the most severe cases, an operation, usually performed with fundoplication technique (minimally invasive laparoscopy), may be chosen. ...

Anal abscess

What is an anal abscess? An anal abscess is an infected, pus-filled cavity near the anus, often appearing as a painful, boil-like swelling. They are most commonly small anal glands that have become infected.   What are the symptoms of an anal abscess? Superficial anal abscesses usually cause one or more of the following symptoms: Constant, throbbing pain, which is accentuated during bowel movements or when sitting down Irritated skin around the anus, including redness, tenderness and swelling Discharge of pus Constipation Deeper abscesses may cause further symptoms, such as: Tiredness Fever Chills Night sweats Malaise   Causes of anal abscesses There are different causes of anal abscess: Blocked anal glands An infected anal fissure (tear in the anal canal) Sexually transmitted infections In addition, there are certain factors that can increase the risk of anal abscess: Anal sex (receptive partner) Chemotherapy medication Diabetes Diverticulitis Inflammatory bowel disease, e.g. Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis Corticosteroid medications Weak immune system   Can anal abscesses be prevented? Some of the causes, such as diabetes and Crohn’s disease are difficult or impossible to prevent. However, one can take precautions to minimise the risk of developing anal abscesses, such as using a condom during anal sex or getting any soreness of the anal area checked out immediately, so that blocked anal glands or anal fissures can be identified and treated before they become infected. In the case of infants and young children, frequent nappy changes and cleaning the child’s anal area properly can help prevent anal abscess and fistulas.   What is the treatment for an anal abscess? An anal abscess will not disappear on its own, so the patient must see a doctor to drain the abscess. The patient usually goes home on the same day of the procedure, although larger abscesses may require hospitalisation and the assistance of an anaesthesiologist. The doctor may prescribe pain medication for after the procedure. Patients with certain conditions like diabetes or a weak immune system may also be given antibiotics. Patients are advised to bathe the area with warm water e.g. in a bath three or four times a day. Either at the same time as the abscess is drained or in the weeks following the procedure, the patient may also need fistula surgery to repair the hole or tunnel left behind once the abscess is drained. ...

Anal fissure

What is an anal fissure? An anal fissure (fissures) is a tear or crack in the lining of the anal canal (anus), which causes extreme pain during bowel movements. Anal fissures affect everyone, from men and women to young and old people. It is the most common cause of rectal bleeding in infancy. A fissure tends to occur when passing hard or large stools during a bowel movement. There may also be spasms in the ring of muscle at the end of the anus. What is the cause of an anal fissure? Common causes of an anal fissure include passing large stools, constipation and straining during bowel movements, chronic diarrhoea, inflammation of the anorectal area and childbirth. The less common causes of anal fissures include anal cancer, HIV, tuberculosis, syphilis and herpes. What are the symptoms of an anal fissure? The symptoms of an anal fissure include: Pain, which can sometimes be severe during bowel movements Pain after bowel movements Blood on the stool or toilet paper Itching or irritation around the anus A visible crack in the skin around the anus A small lump on the skin near the anal fissure How is an anal fissure treated? An anal fissure will often heal within a few weeks if the stool is kept soft through increasing the intake of fibre and fluids. Soaking in a warm bath for 10 to 20 minutes daily, especially after toilet use, helps to relax the sphincter and helps it to heal. A doctor may recommend topical anaesthetic creams for pain relief. A Botox (Botulinum toxic type A) injection can paralyse the anal sphincter muscle and aids in relaxing spasms. Blood pressure medications can also help relax the sphincter. How to prevent an anal fissure? By preventing constipation it may help in preventing an anal fissure. Constipation can be prevented when eating high-fibre foods, drinking water and regularly exercising to stop from straining during bowel movements. Risk factors for developing an anal fissure Infancy – experts are not sure why but many infants experience an anal fissure during the first year of their life. Aging – as an adult ages there is a decrease in circulation and blood flow to the rectal area. Constipation – straining when trying to pass hard stool can increase the risk of tearing. Childbirth – anal fissures become common in women after they give birth. Crohn’s disease – the inflammatory bowel disease causes chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract and this makes the lining of the rectum vulnerable to tearing. Anal intercourse.  ...

Barrett's oesophagus

What is Barrett's oesophagus? Barrett's oesophagus (spelt “Barrett’s esophagus” in the US) is a condition in which the tissue that lines the bottom of the oesophagus undergoes a change, usually in response to acid reflux from the stomach. It is a relatively common complication of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). Normally, the oesophagus is lined with squamous epithelial cells. However, exposure to stomach acid regurgitating up into the gullet can inflame and damage the cells. This leads to a phenomenon called metaplasia, whereby the cells change into a different kind of cell, in this case columnar cells that are usually found in the lower digestive tract. These cells better resist the stomach acid, protecting the oesophagus. However, symptoms of reflux can still bother the patient, and in a small number of cases, the cells can become cancerous. For this reason, Barrett’s oesophagus is regarded as a premalignant condition and although the proportion of cases that lead to oesophageal cancer is small, the condition should be monitored once diagnosed.   What are the symptoms of Barrett's oesophagus? Barrett's oesophagus itself does not produce symptoms. However, it is almost always caused by acid reflux and this can cause a number of other symptoms: Heartburn Bitter taste in the mouth Dysphagia Over-production of saliva in the mouth (water brash) Chronic dry cough   Causes of Barrett's oesophagus Barrett’s oesophagus is closely associated with gastric reflux (also known as acid reflux or gastro-oesophageal reflux). This is a phenomenon where stomach acid splashes back up into the oesophagus, usually due to a problem with the ring of muscle that separates the oesophagus from the stomach (the gastro-oesophageal sphincter). If this sphincter loses tone and is unable to close, stomach acid is able to regurgitate back up. If the patient experiences long-term acid reflux, this is known as gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). Around 1 in 10 patients with GORD will develop Barrett’s oesophagus. The exact mechanism that causes Barrett’s oesophagus isn’t fully understood, as not all patients with acid reflux develop the condition.   Can Barrett’s oesophagus be prevented? Early diagnosis and effective treatment of acid reflux or GORD can significantly reduce the risk of Barrett's oesophagus developing.   What is the treatment for Barrett’s oesophagus? The first line of treatment for Barrett’s oesophagus involves managing the symptoms of acid reflux. This may involve the following measures: Acid-suppressing medication, such as antacids, proton pump inhibitors, etc. Avoid tobacco, alcohol and other substances that can affect the oesophagus Avoid spicy or acidic food Lose weight Barrett’s oesophagus should be monitored closely via endoscopy to check for signs that the Barrett’s cells are progressing to cancer, in which case they will need immediate treatment. If the cells become cancerous, the following procedures serve to remove the harmful tissue: Radiofrequency ablation – an electrode at the end of an endoscope applies an electrical current to the affected area, destroying the malignant cells, which allows normal cells to grow in their place. Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) – a thin wire called a snare on the end of an endoscope is used to remove malignant cells. Surgical resection – more extensive surgery that may require admission to the ICU. The surgeon removes the affected part of the oesophagus and joins the stomach to the remaining part. Photodynamic therapy: It involves the use of a laser device or esophageal balloon together with a medication. Cryotherapy Other types of procedures using high energy to destroy cancerous cells. ...

Diabetes

What is diabetes? Diabetes mellitus (DM), or just diabetes refers to a group of metabolic diseases which result in an inability to regulate blood sugar levels. Having too much glucose in your blood can damage the kidneys, eyes, nerves and other parts of the body, including the blood vessels themselves. In extreme cases, diabetes can cause heart disease and strokes, and patients may even require amputation of limbs. This inability to control blood sugar comes from a problem with the hormone insulin. Insulin is produced by the pancreas, enters the bloodstream, and moves glucose out of the blood and into cells, where it is used to generate energy. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 diabetes – the cells that create insulin are attacked and destroyed by the body’s immune system as part of a defective immune response. It can develop rapidly over weeks or even days. Type 2 diabetes – either the body does not produce enough insulin, or the body’s cells stop responding to it. Patients may not be diagnosed for years, due to generic symptoms. It is by far the most common type of diabetes.   What are the symptoms? Classic diabetes symptoms include: Thirst Frequent urination Fatigue Itching around the genitals, or thrush Weight loss/muscle loss Blurred vision Slow healing   What causes diabetes? Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition – something causes the immune system to attack healthy pancreatic cells that produce insulin. It appears to run in families, so may be genetic. No one knows exactly what causes the immune system to attack the pancreas, but one theory is that it is triggered by a virus. Type 2 diabetes is acquired, and usually affects older people. It tends to be associated with obesity and lack of exercise.   How can it be prevented? Type 1 diabetes appears to be genetic, so there is no way to prevent it. To reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, it is important to have a healthy and balanced diet, take plenty of exercise, and lose weight if you are overweight or obese. Stopping smoking and drinking alcohol in moderation are also useful tips.   What is the treatment? Diabetes can’t be cured, but the symptoms can be managed. A healthy diet, regular exercise, and regular blood tests are essential to keep blood glucose levels in check. Type 1 diabetes patients require regular insulin injections for the rest of their lives to make up for the lack of insulin production by the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes patients may eventually need to take tablets, as the condition is progressive (it will worsen over time). You should see your doctor or a specialist as soon as possible if you are experiencing symptoms. If diagnosed with diabetes, a patient is usually referred to a specialist care team for treatment and long-term monitoring of the condition. ...

Diverticulitis

  What is diverticulitis? Diverticulitis is a condition affecting the large intestine, or bowel. It is closely related to another condition affecting the bowel, called diverticular disease. Diverticulitis is more likely to occur in those who do not get enough fibre through their diet.   What causes diverticulitis? As we get older, small pockets or bulges called diverticula may develop in the lining of the intestine. These do not often cause symptoms and can go entirely unnoticed, but when they do cause symptoms, this is referred to as diverticular disease. Once symptoms become more severe, and the diverticula become infected, or inflamed, this is referred to as diverticulitis. What are the symptoms of diverticulitis? Diverticulitis symptoms include: Severe, constant tummy pain Feeling sick/vomiting Fatigue (feeling tired) Blood in your stool Rectal bleeding A high temperature (over 38 degrees Celsius) If you experience symptoms of diverticulitis, without any previous diagnosis of diverticular disease, you should contact your GP as soon as possible. If you have a previous diagnosis of diverticular disease the symptoms can be managed and treated from home. However, if you notice bleeding, or are experiencing severe pain, it is best to seek medical attention. How is diverticulitis diagnosed? Your doctor will take your medical history and make an assessment of your symptoms. This is because they will want to rule out other conditions which can display similar symptoms, such as IBS (irritable bowel syndrome), or bowel cancer. The doctor may also take blood tests and refer you for a colonoscopy or CT scan. What is the treatment for diverticulitis? Diverticulitis is most commonly treated at home using medication to relieve symptoms of pain, and antibiotics. In more severe cases, diverticulitis can be treated at the hospital so the doctor can monitor your progress and symptoms. Treatment in hospital may involve antibiotics administered through injections, and an intravenous drip to provide hydration and nourishment. If you have already been diagnosed with diverticular disease, a high-fibre diet may help to ease any symptoms you experience with the condition. The ideal amount of fibre for an adult is 30g per day, and your doctor will discuss targets and ways to include fibre in your diet. In more extreme cases, diverticulitis can be treated with surgery. This type of treatment is rare, and it involves removing the affected section of intestine. However, before any type of surgery, your surgeon will discuss the benefits and risks implied. ...

ER surgery

ER or emergency surgery is performed in situations like heart attacks, strokes, appendectomies or to treat wounds from accidents. 

Gastric band

What is a gastric band? Getting a gastric band is a type of bariatric surgery (weight loss surgery). Bariatric surgery aims to reduce the amount of food or calories the patient eats via operations on the upper digestive system (particularly the stomach), which physically and psychologically affect the patient’s approach to food. A gastric band is a device placed around the upper part of the stomach, creating a small pouch at the top. As there is less space for food in this pouch, the patient gets full quicker when eating, and so eats less.   Why would you have a gastric band? Gastric bands are principally used to treat obesity, and also can be used to treat type 2 diabetes, sleep apnoea and hypertension. The idea is to force the patient to eat less or reduce calorie intake, so it may be an option in treating any condition that is negatively affected by overeating. Surgical options for weight loss are usually not the first choice of treatment, as losing weight through exercise or dietary change carries minimal risk. However, if this doesn’t work, your doctor may discuss surgical options, such as installing a gastric band.   What does it involve? The patient is given general anaesthetic to put them to sleep and prevent them from feeling pain during the surgery. Gastric bands are usually implanted using laparoscopy – a minimally invasive surgical technique utilising small incisions, through which a tiny camera is inserted to allow the surgeon to see inside the body. The surgery is then performed by inserting the instruments needed through these small incisions, rather than cutting the patient open. The surgeon places the band around the stomach, creating a small pouch in the top half, with a narrow “bottle-neck” for food to drain into the larger lower section of the stomach. The operation may only take half an hour to an hour if your surgeon is experienced with the procedure. Installing a gastric band doesn’t involve any cutting or stapling inside the body. A small device connected to the band is placed under the skin (usually in the middle of the chest), which allows your doctor to tighten the band after the surgery is complete. This is usually done for the first time about four to six weeks after surgery. It is usually tightened a few times until the ideal tightness is found.   Is it safe to have a gastric band? There are always certain risks when undergoing surgery, but as it doesn’t involve any cutting inside the body, and (when performed via laparoscopy) only small incisions are made on the outside, gastric band surgery is generally regarded as the safest surgical weight loss procedure, carrying less risk than a gastric bypass or a sleeve gastrectomy. The other advantage is that gastric bands are removable, so if there are complications, the procedure can be reversed. ...

Gastric bypass

What is a gastric bypass? Gastric bypass surgery is a type of bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery aims to reduce the patient’s food and/or calorie intake via operations on the upper digestive system (particularly the stomach), which physically and psychologically affect the patient’s approach to food. A gastric bypass involves dividing the stomach into two “pouches”, and connecting the smaller top pouch directly to the small intestine, allowing food to “bypass” most of the stomach. This means that fewer calories are absorbed by the stomach, and due to the smaller space, the patient feels full quicker. As a consequence, they eat less.   Why would you have a gastric bypass? Gastric bypasses are used to treat a variety of conditions which require the patient to eat less or reduce calorie intake. It is commonly used as a weight loss treatment for morbid obesity, although surgery is rarely the first option – major operations carry risks, and can be expensive, so trying to lose weight via exercise and dietary changes is usually the first port of call. If this doesn’t help you to lose weight, your doctor might discuss surgical options, such as a gastric bypass. Other conditions that could warrant a gastric bypass include type 2 diabetes, sleep apnoea and hypertension. Long-term mortality of gastric bypass patients has been shown to be reduced by 40%.   What does it involve? The amount of food a patient can eat is limited by creating a small pouch in the upper stomach and dividing it from the rest of the stomach. This can either be done by creating a partition (which runs the risk of the stomach healing and returning to its pre-operative function) or by totally separating the two parts. The small intestine is reconstructed so that both parts of the stomach drain into it, rather than just from the bottom of the stomach. The surgery is often laparoscopic, i.e. using small incisions to insert a small camera and specialised surgical equipment to perform the operation without cutting the patient open.   How long does it take to recover from gastric bypass surgery? If the surgery is done laparoscopically, the patient may stay in the hospital for 2-3 days, and should be fully recovered in 3-5 weeks. Recovery time will be longer if open surgery is performed.   How much weight will you lose after a gastric bypass? On average, following gastric bypass surgery patients lose 60% of their extra weight.  Studies have shown it also significantly reduces the risk of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) progressing to type 2 diabetes.  ...

Gastric sleeve

What is a gastric sleeve? Gastric sleeve (or sleeve gastrectomy) is a restrictive weight loss surgical procedure, where the capacity of the stomach is dramatically reduced by about 75% to aid in long-term weight loss. The procedure is called gastric sleeve as the surgeon removes part of the stomach and joins the remainder together, which resembles a ‘sleeve’ and is the size of a banana. A reduction in stomach size makes it difficult for a patient to overeat. The surgeon also removes the part of the stomach that produces the hunger hormone ghrelin, which is known to boost appetite.   Why is a gastric sleeve operation performed? A gastric sleeve is an option for patients who are obese, with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 50 and who have not managed to lose the necessary weight through other methods such as a healthy diet and exercise.   What does it consist of? Sleeve gastrectomy intervention is done by laparoscopy that usually lasts between 60 to 90 minutes. The surgeon will make a few small cuts, between 2 and 5 incisions, in the abdomen through which the laparoscope (an instrument with a tiny camera that sends pictures to a monitor) will be introduced. This enables the surgeon to see the inside of the abdomen during the operation. Then the removal of most of the stomach will be carried out, leaving a vertical tube shape, which is an irreversible procedure.   How do I prepare for a gastric sleeve? Before having a gastric sleeve operation the patient should undergo various tests, such as a complete physical examination, blood tests and an ultrasound of the gallbladder to confirm that they are healthy enough to have weight loss surgery. There are essential steps that a patient must take to prepare for bariatric surgery, including a lot of lifestyle changes. It is recommended to quit smoking as the use of tobacco products have been proven to increase the risk of complications during and after surgery. Changes to diet, such as eating three regular meals a day with two small snacks per day, is a good way to prepare the body for the routine following surgery. Most doctors require a special pre-operation diet. Patients are advised to drink more water and limit other beverages. They should incorporate physical activity into their everyday lives and start with a small exercise routine. A nutritionist and personal trainer would be able to advise the patients on how best implement these positive changes.   What is recovery like? Normally, the patient can go home two days after the gastric sleeve and will have to take analgesics. There are four phases for a patient to follow post-operation to help transition to a solid food diet. They are: Phase 1 – which usually lasts for a week after surgery. Patients should only consume clear liquids and will find that they have no appetite. Phase 2 – around 10 days after surgery, most people will start to feel hungry again. At this stage, they start to incorporate foods that are of low nutritional value but adding in more protein. They should drink lots of water and drink protein powder that is sugar-free and mixed with clear liquid. Towards the end of this week, patients can add in Greek yoghurt, oatmeal, mashed potatoes, smoothies and scrambled eggs. Phase 3 – patients transition to soft foods including soft fish, eggs, vegetables and soups. Phase 4 – after four weeks it is time to transition to solids, sticking to three small meals a day and two snacks. All sugar, processed and low-fibre foods should be avoided. ...

Hiatal hernia surgery

What is hiatal hernia surgery? A hiatal hernia happens when a section of your stomach pushes up through an opening (called a hiatus) in your diaphragm. The diaphragm is a sheet of muscle located between the abdomen and chest. Hiatal hernia surgery involves pulling the stomach down into the abdomen and then making the hiatus opening in the diaphragm smaller. Why is hiatal hernia surgery performed? Surgery is required when a hiatal hernia does not respond to medication or lifestyle changes. Sometimes surgery is required for emergency cases. Surgery is also recommended if you have persistent symptoms, but do not want to be on medication long-term. What does it involve? Hiatal hernia surgery is usually performed using a laparoscope, which is a form of key-hole surgery. It involves a number of small abdominal cuts and the use of carbon dioxide to inflate a section of the abdomen. This allows the surgeon room to work. The laparoscope has a tiny camera on it, allowing the surgeon to see the inside of your body whilst they operate. During this surgery, the stomach is returned to its correct position, and the diaphragm around the oesophagus is tightened to ensure no more acid moves back out of the stomach. Surgery is performed under general anaesthetic to ensure there is no pain. This form of surgery takes 1-2 hours to complete. How to prepare for it Before surgery it is likely that your doctor will want to run tests on both how well the oesophagus moves, and how much acid is refluxed in a 24 hour period. Prior to surgery happening, the surgeon will explain fully the procedure and what to expect, as well as any possible side effects. Such side effects include: Bloating and flatulence Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) Post-operative care Patients who have had hiatal hernia surgery can leave the hospital after the general anaesthetic has worn off, which usually takes two to three days. Most patients are able to return to work after three to six weeks post-surgery. It is also recommended that after surgery soft foods are eaten, such as soup or pureed vegetables for the first six weeks.   ...

Laparoscopy

What is laparoscopy? Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical technique which allows the surgeon to operate without the need for deep or large incisions in the skin. This means the recovery period is generally shorter, there is less pain after the operation, and scarring is reduced significantly for the patient. This technique is also known as keyhole surgery. Why is it done? Laparoscopy can be used to both treat and diagnose a range of conditions across specialties such as surgery, gynaecology, gastroenterology, and urology. Laparoscopy may be used in investigation, to check symptoms and attempt to reach a diagnosis, for example in cases of ovarian cysts, fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease, and appendicitis. Laparoscopy can also be used to take a biopsy (a small sample of tissue) meaning it can be used to investigate certain cancers, e.g liver cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, and many more. As a surgical technique, laparoscopy is especially useful as it allows for minimal scarring and a shorter recovery period, which is advantageous to the patient. Laparoscopy can be used as a surgical technique in many situations, such as: Weight loss surgery Removal of the gallbladder as a treatment for gallstones Removal of the appendix Repairing stomach ulcers Hysterectomy Treating ectopic pregnancy Removal of organs affected by cancer What does it involve? Laparoscopy is performed under general anaesthetic. The surgeon makes small incisions in the abdomen and inserts a laparoscope, which is a small camera attached to the end of a thin tube, allowing the surgeon to see inside the abdomen through a projection on a TV monitor in front of them. The surgeon uses small instruments to perform surgery, looking at the TV monitor for a clear view of the area they need to operate on. How do you prepare for laparoscopy? Generally, you will be asked not to eat or drink anything for 6-12 hours before the procedure. You will also be asked to stop taking blood-thinning medication a few days before the procedure takes place. If you are a smoker, your surgeon may advise you not to smoke for a few days before the procedure, as smoking can delay the healing process. Aftercare As laparoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure, you can generally go home either on the same day or the day following surgery. Someone will need to accompany you home as you will be advised not to drive for the 24 hours following the procedure. Recovery from laparoscopy depends on the type of procedure performed. After diagnostic laparoscopy, for example, you may be able to resume normal activity after five days. If surgery is more minor, for example ulcer repair, normal activity may be resumed in around three weeks. Major surgery, such as hysterectomy or organ removal (e.g kidney) typically takes longer – up to 12 weeks. Your surgeon or doctor will advise you on how to clean your stitches and keep wounds clean. Expect to feel tired or somewhat drained after surgery for a few days, but this should pass as your body uses less and less energy as the recovery process goes on. If you experience any pain, you can take over-the-counter medication pain relief to reduce it. Alternatives to laparoscopy Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive technique which is used as an alternative to traditional open surgery. Open surgery may be necessary in certain situations and your surgeon will speak to you regarding your options before making a decision as to which type of surgery will be performed. ...

Lymph nodes

What are lymph nodes? Lymph nodes, also known as lymph glands, are small glands found throughout the body and form a part of the lymph system. The lymph system is a network of organs and vessels the carries a fluid around the body between tissue and the blood. The fluid contains white blood cells called lymphocytes. The lymph system plays an integral part of the immune system, fighting against disease and infections. Where are they found in the body? Lymph nodes can be found on their own, or in groups. You can feel groups of lymph nodes in the neck, groin and underarms. You generally cannot feel most lymph nodes in the body, however, if they are swollen in the neck, you are able to feel them. What do lymph nodes do? Lymph nodes help to fight disease and they do so by filtering the lymph fluid and trapping any bacteria or viruses that pass through them. They are then destroyed by the lymphocytes, in an effort to destroy such substances before they infect other parts of the body. When lymph nodes are swollen, it usually means that they are exposed to bacteria and viruses and fighting an infection. What does it mean if my lymph nodes are swollen? It means that they are likely fighting an infection. However, more rarely, swollen lymph nodes could be caused by an underlying condition such as cancer. Swollen lymph nodes can feel tender or painful. Depending on which lymph nodes are swollen, it can help determine what the problem might be. Neck: Commonly swollen if you have a cold or sore throat. If there is a tumour or infection in the mouth, head or neck. Armpit: These lymph nodes might swell due to injury or infection in the hands or arms. Less common causes of swollen armpit lymph nodes are breast cancer and lymphoma. Groin: These will likely swell is there is an infection or injury to the feet, legs, groin or genitals. Less common causes of swelling in the groin lymph nodes are lymphoma, melanoma or testicular cancer. Collarbone: If the glands just above your collarbone are swollen, then there is likely an infection or injury in the breasts, neck, lungs or abdomen. When you should see a specialist If you are concerned at all, then you should see a doctor, however, it is recommended that you see a doctor if: They have been swollen for more than two weeks. They are swollen, but for no apparent reason such as infection or injury. They feel hard. The swollen lymph nodes have been accompanied by a fever. ...

Lymphadenopathy

What is adenopathy (lymphadenopathy)? Adenopathy is a term that refers to swelling of a gland, typically the lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy). A lymph node is an oval or kidney-shaped organ that forms part of the lymphatic system - a network of nodes, organs and lymphatic vessels situated all over the body. The lymph node’s primary function is to fight infection. The lymphatic system is in fact a vital part of the immune system, helping to identify sources of infection and preventing other parts of the body becoming infected also. What are the symptoms? Lymph nodes are located all over the body and consequently, swelling can appear in a number of locations. Common signs of a lymphadenopathy are swelling in the neck, groin, and armpits and under the chin. The swelling can be accompanied by tenderness in the lymph nodes, fever, sore throat and runny nose. If the swelling has been present for two to four weeks and the lymph nodes continue to get bigger, or the nodes are hard and rubbery and don’t move when pressed, it may be an indication of something more serious. Symptoms might also include night sweats. What causes it? Swollen lymph nodes can have multiple underlying causes. Usually, a common infection like measles, common colds, tonsillitis, ear infections, and strep throat is the root cause of lymphadenopathy. Less commonly, certain STIs, tuberculosis, infection from a cat scratch or toxoplasmosis can lead to swelling of the lymph nodes. HIV infection is also a potential underlying cause. Aside from infections, occasionally autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus will cause swollen lymph nodes. In rare instances, swelling of the lymph nodes can indicate cancers such as leukaemia (cancer of the blood and bone marrow) or lymphoma, cancer of the lymph system. Swelling can also result as a side effect of certain medications. Anyone concerned about the cause of lymph node swelling should see a doctor to establish the cause. What is the treatment? Lymph nodes are not treated directly, rather the underlying condition is treated. If the underlying cause is an infection, then the lymph nodes will normally return to normal after the infection clears up. If swollen lymph nodes are caused by an autoimmune disorder or cancer, then the underlying conditions are targeted. If the lymph nodes themselves are tender or painful, the symptoms are often treated with over-the-counter pain medication, plenty of rest and warm compressions to help with the swelling.  ...

Morbid obesity

Morbid obesity is also known as severe obesity or class III obesity. People are considered morbidly obese when their body mass index is above 40, or even 35 if the patient has a disease or severe disability as a result of being overweight. In many countries it is a public health problem due to the new eating habits of the society. Morbid obesity can be treated with a low calorie diet and regular exercise. In extreme cases patients can have bariatric surgery. ...

Obesity

Obesity is defined as having an abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat on the body, enough so that it can be a risk to the health of the person. There most common way of classifying the amount of weight on the body, and what constitutes as a healthy balance, is the body mass index (BMI), which is calculated by dividing your weight in kilograms, by your height, squared. The NHS classifies obesity as having a body mass index of 30 to 39.9, with those over 40 being classified as severely obese, though it is not necessarily the case as those with a large amount of muscle could be classified as obese due to their weight, when it may not actually be accurate. Another way of measuring excess fat is to measure waist circumference, for men, obesity is generally considered as being larger than 94cm (37in), and 80cm (21.5in) for women.   What causes obesity?   Simply speaking, obesity is caused by consuming more calories than are burned off through physical activity. When food is consumed, especially excessive amounts of fat and sugar in the diet, the body stores it as energy, in the form of fat. There are some health conditions that can lead to obesity and weight gain, such as problems with the thyroid, especially hypothyroidism.   How is obesity treated?   The best ways of treating obesity is to increase the amount of physical activity you perform on a regular basis, and to reduce the amount of calories eaten, along with eating a healthy, balanced diet. There are a number of ways that you can do this, such as joining a weight loss group to help you manage your diet and motivate you to continue sticking to it. You can also start activities such as walking, swimming or running. You can begin with exercising for short periods of time, before building up to longer periods. There are a number of surgical procedures available to help deal with weight loss in more severe circumstances, such as gastric band, gastric bypass, and biliopancreatic diversion.   What problems can obesity lead to?   Obesity can be detrimental to the health, leading to problems in different areas of the body. It can cause strain on the heart, leading to coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and other conditions. It is one of the leading causes of diabetes type 2, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and infertility and can also have detrimental psychiatric effects such as depression along side often having a social stigma. To see a specialist to help with obesity, click here. Obesity is one of the most common diseases of modern society, caused by bad eating habits that cause a metabolic disorder in the form of excess fat and consequently overweight. If the caloric intake that provides the body is greater than that required or consumed is stored as fat. Besides, obesity may result in the acquisition of other diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, high cholesterol or cardiovascular risk. In any case, obesity treatment tailored to each person according to their age, physique, medical history and daily habits is required. By measuring the body mass index patient's degree of obesity it is known and established a slimming diet should be low calorie, low fat, with the establishment of a rehabilitation plan of eating habits and exercise. The tandem diet-exercise physical is essential for weight loss. Obesity is one of the most common diseases of modern society, caused by bad eating habits that cause a metabolic disorder in the form of excess fat and consequently overweight. If the caloric intake that provides the body is greater than that required or consumed is stored as fat. Besides, obesity may result in the acquisition of other diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, high cholesterol or cardiovascular risk. In any case, obesity treatment tailored to each person according to their age, physique, medical history and daily habits is required. By measuring the body mass index patient's degree of obesity it is known and established a slimming diet should be low calorie, low fat, with the establishment of a rehabilitation plan of eating habits and exercise. The tandem diet-exercise physical is essential for weight loss. ...

Obesity surgery

What is obesity surgery? Obesity surgery, otherwise known as bariatric or weight-loss surgery, describes a range of procedures that are designed to treat people with obesity. Whilst there are different types of gastric surgery, the aim of the procedure is always to reduce the size of the stomach. Why would you do it? Bariatric surgery is a type of treatment for people who are obese. The surgery helps a person to lose weight and is generally carried out to reduce the risk of serious weight-related health problems which can be potentially life-threatening. Over time obesity can lead to multiple conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure and an increased risk of stroke. As a general rule, bariatric surgery is usually for those with a BMI of over 40 or those with a BMI of over 35, accompanied by a serious weight-related health problem. What does it involve? Some of the most common procedures, aimed at reducing the size of the stomach and making the patient feel full sooner and/or decreasing the ability to absorb nutrients are as follows: A gastric band can be fitted around the stomach in order to reduce its size. The band is usually placed around the top part of the stomach and is adjustable. A gastric bypass joins the top part of the stomach to the small intestine, thereby bypassing most of the stomach and small intestine. A sleeve gastrectomy removes part of the stomach, decreasing its volume significantly. All types of weight-loss surgery are done under general anaesthetic. Depending on the circumstances, the operation can be performed using open surgery or laparoscopically using smaller incisions and cameras to guide the process. The latter is also known as keyhole surgery. How to prepare for it Preparation for obesity surgery will depend on the individual to an extent. Restrictions are often placed on food and drink prior to surgery and certain medications may also need to be stopped for a period. Post-operative care Obesity surgery is a major operation and patients will normally wake up in a recovery room before being moved to a ward. There is no food or drink allowed for the first couple of days to allow the stomach and digestive system time to heal. After that, patients can progress to clear liquids and are often discharged around three days after surgery, providing everything goes well. A specific diet will then need to be followed for some weeks after surgery, usually centered on liquids and soft foods. Permanent lifestyle changes after surgery are also required to help keep weight off. Regular exercise and a balanced diet should be maintained to ensure that patients don’t put the weight they have lost back on. ...

Pancreatitis

What is pancreatitis? Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which is a gland found behind the stomach. The pancreas is key to the digestion of food, through the production of certain enzymes as well as the production of hormones that aid in the processing of blood glucose levels. There are two types of pancreatitis; acute and chronic. Acute pancreatitis is when the pancreas becomes inflamed suddenly. Chronic pancreatitis is when the pancreas becomes permanently damaged due to inflammation of the pancreas over many years. What are the symptoms of pancreatitis? The symptoms of acute pancreatitis include: Sudden abdominal pain Fever Diarrhoea Nausea & vomiting The symptoms of chronic pancreatitis include: Repeated, and often severe abdominal pain (sometimes accompanied by nausea) Oily, bad-smelling stools If you experience frequent abdominal pain, it is important to see a specialist. What causes pancreatitis? Acute pancreatitis is thought to occur when digestive enzymes activate whilst still in the pancreas, causing irritation of the pancreatic cells and hence inflammation. Acute pancreatitis has also been linked to both gallstones, alcohol consumption, infections, and some medications. Chronic pancreatitis has largely been attributed to long-term alcohol abuse, smoking, hereditary genetic mutations and immune system problems. In some cases, the cause for a pancreatitis diagnosis is never confirmed. How is pancreatitis diagnosed? There are a number of tests used to make a diagnosis, such as: Blood tests to check for enzyme levels in the pancreas. Stool tests to measure fat levels. Oily stools can indicate that there are problems with the digestive system. MRI or CT scans to check for gallstones. What is the treatment for pancreatitis? Treatment for acute pancreatitis looks to support bodily functions until inflammation has subsided. The first step in treating acute pancreatitis is to let the pancreas heal, and for the inflammation to subside. To do so, you must be treated in hospital where you will receive intravenous fluids to replace lost fluids, and medicines to manage pain. Fasting for a few days also helps the pancreas to recover. Once the pancreas has recovered, doctors can get to work on treating the underlying cause of pancreatitis. Frequently, such additional treatments can include: Pancreas surgery – sometimes it is necessary to either remove damaged pancreatic tissue, or to drain excess fluid from the pancreas. Gallbladder surgery – removing the gallbladder may be necessary if gallstones are the cause of your pancreatitis. Treating alcohol dependency – if alcohol abuse is the cause of your pancreatitis, then you may be entered into an alcohol addiction program. For those suffering from chronic pancreatitis, then further treatments might be needed, including: Lifestyle changes – adopting a low-fat, nutritious diet, avoiding alcohol and stopping smoking tends to show the best results for people suffering from chronic pancreatitis. Enzyme supplements – these assist in the digestion of food and can be taken with each meal. Pain medication – chronic pancreatitis causes continual abdominal pain, so managing this pain is often needed. ...

Piles (haemorrhoids)

What are haemorrhoids? Haemorrhoids, commonly known as piles, are swollen veins in the anus or lower part of the rectum. They are a very common ailment. Haemorrhoids may be either internal or external. External haemorrhoids generate protuberances in the ring of the anus on the outer side, making them easier to diagnose and can cause pain when sitting, in addition to traces of blood when defecating. On the other hand, internal haemorrhoids occur inside the anus causing bleeding in the stool and itching in the anal region. What are the symptoms of haemorrhoids? The main symptoms of haemorrhoids are: Bleeding from the rectum Anal itching Anal pain, especially when sitting Pain when passing stool Feeling one or more hard and tender bumps near the anus What causes haemorrhoids? Haemorrhoids occur due to increased pressure in the anus. They can be caused by: Effort during bowel movements Constipation Sitting for extended periods of time Pregnancy or childbirth Can they be prevented? To prevent haemorrhoids, it is necessary to avoid constipation. For this reason, it is important: To drink plenty of hydrating liquids Eat a diet rich in fibre Use stool softeners to prevent straining if you are constipated How are haemorrhoids treated? In the case of external haemorrhoids, the treatment consists of applying creams and warm water in the affected area. In cases of severe pain, you can take painkillers. As for internal haemorrhoids, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove them. ...

Second medical opinion

What is a second medical opinion? A second medical opinion is when you consult with a doctor that is not your regular doctor about a potential diagnosis and/or treatment plan. There is no legal right to a second opinion, however, it is rare for a doctor to refuse. Why would you get a second medical opinion? Patients may consider a second medical opinion if they are facing a new diagnosis or recommended treatment because sometimes this can feel confusing and a second opinion can put their mind at ease. In addition, there are certain situations where a second medical opinion is sought after: Potential treatment is risky and could be life-changing or the diagnosis is possibly life-threatening The diagnosis is not clear-cut If you are considering a new treatment approach that is experimental The aims of obtaining a second medical opinion are: To confirm whether a diagnosis is correct and/or appropriate. To confirm whether a suggested treatment is correct and/or appropriate. To compare information received from each doctor so that you can make an informed decision – sometimes a second medical opinion can rule out the need for a potentially unnecessary invasive procedure. Possible disadvantages of seeking a second medical opinion include: The process can delay the start of treatment. Logistically, seeing another specialist might be difficult and possibly time-consuming. It might be stressful to hear the same diagnosis again. How would you seek a second medical opinion? You can request a second medical opinion from your GP or consultant, but before doing so it is recommended that you ask for as much clarification and explanation about the initial diagnosis and treatment, before seeking a second opinion. Obtaining a second medical opinion does not mean that the second doctor will then take over – if that is what the patient decides, then this needs to be agreed formally between doctors and hospitals.  ...

Stomach reduction

What is stomach reduction? A stomach reduction is an operation to reduce the size of the stomach; it is mainly performed in people who are morbidly obese. Different techniques exist, some of which involve removal of specific parts of the stomach.   Why is it done? The operation is performed to eliminate excess weight in people who are morbidly obese. It is performed when the specialist the patient cannot lose weight via dieting and physical activity, and their BMI is higher than 40 or 35. What does it involve? Currently, there are operations that do not require traditional open surgery; rather they can be carried out using an endoscopy. Stomach reduction by endoscopy, also known as POSE (Primary Obesity Surgery Endoluminal), is a new minimally invasive technique that does not require incisions and is performed orally. Specifically, an endoscope is inserted through the mouth until it reaches the stomach. In the stomach, folds are created to reduce its size and capacity, and to slow emptying. Endoscopic stomach reduction has several advantages: it provides a permanent result without external scars and does not require a hospital stay.  How to prepare for the operation You will have to follow a strict diet for a few weeks before the operation, in order to reduce cardiac risk during the operation. It is also advisable to perform breathing exercises and physical activity. Post-operative care As a result of the operation, your body will have undergone a major change, in terms of how you digest food. You will, therefore, have to change your lifestyle. After the operation, your stomach will be about the size of a walnut, have a lower capacity and will absorb nutrients differently. Your stomach will increase in size over time; during this period, you should not eat excess food. A normal stomach can receive up to 1 litre of food, whereas a “reduced” stomach should not exceed 250 ml of food. ...

Stomach surgery

What is stomach surgery? Stomach surgery describes the group of surgical procedures that remove, repair or modify the stomach, depending on what the underlying illness or problem is. Stomach disorders that can require surgery include: Stomach acid disease – a condition in which the stomach overproduces stomach acid, and can lead to stomach ulcers forming. Stomach cancer Gastroparesis – a condition where the stomach cannot properly empty itself of food due to a damaged vagus nerve which controls the digestive system. Stomach dumping – a condition in which food moves too quickly along the small intestine. Dysphagia – a condition where patients are unable to swallow food properly. Gastric bypass for weight-loss – some patients suffering from obesity will undergo gastric bypass surgery (a type of bariatric surgery) to help them lose weight. Why would you need stomach surgery? Surgery is generally required if other means of treatment and lifestyle changes have not worked to cure or overcome a problem. For emergency problems, or later stage stomach cancer, surgery will usually be the best option for treatment. What does it involve? The various procedures for treating bad cases of stomach acid disease are: Vagotomy – a procedure where the vagus nerve, which stimulates stomach acid production, is cut. Pyloroplasty – a procedure that widens the opening in the lower part of the stomach, which allows food to empty into the small intestine more easily. Partial gastrectomy – this procedure involves removing a section of the stomach. This may be required when part of the stomach tissue is badly damaged by stomach acid. Surgery for treating stomach cancer will usually be combined with other treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. To treat stomach cancer surgically, usually the stomach will need to be partially or completely removed. Often, nearby lymph nodes will also be removed. When the stomach is completely removed, the oesophagus will be connected directly to the small intestine. If gastroparesis is severe and nutrients and medications cannot reach the bloodstream, surgery will be recommended. For this condition, a gastrostomy tube might be inserted through the abdominal skin and into the stomach. This should decompress the stomach, and allow feeding through the tube. To surgically treat stomach (gastric) dumping, the pyloric sphincter muscle can be reconstructed to improve the controlled release of food into the small intestine from the stomach. Patients suffering from dysphagia may require a tube to be implanted into the stomach to allow the intake of nutrition and hydration. This tube can either be inserted endoscopically through the throat or via an incision made in the abdomen. Bariatric surgery is a group of procedures that assist in weight-loss for obese patients. Gastric bypass surgery is one of the most common options and involves decreasing the size of the stomach by stapling a section of the stomach together, thereby limiting the amount of food that can enter the stomach. Next, the small intestine is attached to this section of the stomach, meaning food bypasses a section of the digestive system and fewer calories and nutrients are absorbed. How to prepare for it Most of these surgical interventions require general anaesthetic and are relatively intensive procedures, each with their own sizeable recovery period. As these surgeries are dealing with the digestive system, a period of fasting will generally be necessary before surgery. Post-operative care Many of these stomach surgeries will result in necessary lifestyle changes, including dietary adjustments, portion control, the need to use a feeding tube, and being aware of taking in enough of the right nutrients. Each procedure will have its own set of adjustments to make after surgery with the support of a specialist to assist in these being actioned.  ...

Stomach ulcer

What is it?            A gastric ulcer, which is also known as peptic or stomach ulcer, is a sore in the mucous membrane that lines the stomach or duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine.   The most common symptom is heartburn, which may happen after eating or during the night, this can last several hours.   Prognosis Withh treatment and dietary changes (having a balanced diet, not smoking, reducing alcohol consumption) symptoms normally improve over time.   What are the symptoms? The symptoms of a gastric ulcer vary from person to person, and in some people they are asymptomatic, this is especially true of small ulcers. Heartburn is considered to be the most common symptom of peptic ulcers, and it can last between a few minutes to several hours, and can affect the person intermittently for several days or weeks.   Other common symptoms include: Feeling full Difficulties drinking a normal amount of liquid Hunger and feeling empty after eating Nausea Stomach ache.  A gastric ulcer can also cause other less common symptoms: Swelling Being gassy and burping Lack of appetite Felling fatigued Vomiting Chest pain Weight loss Dark stools. Medical tests The specialist will ask the patient about the symptoms being experienced, their medical history, and they will carry out a physical examination to check if there is swelling and pain the stomach. They will also use a stethoscope to check for any unusual sounds around the abdomen area.   An ulcer is often treated with medications, and a test is carried out two weeks later to check that they have been effective.   If the medication has not worked, the doctor may opt to carry out an upper endoscopy, where a thin tube with a camera on the end is inserted in the throat to examine the state of the stomach. A biopsy may also be carried out.       What causes it? The gastric ulcer sore is formed when the stomach is exposed and vulnerable to its own acidity. This can be caused by different things: Genetics Medications that affect the lining of the stomach Infection caused by Helicobacter pylori Excessive consumption of alcoholic drinks, which irritate the gastric mucosa Stress The patient’s lifestyle can also be the cause of an ulcer. Having an unbalanced diet rich in fat and sugar can worsen symptoms. Irritants such as caffeine, spices, and peppers can aggravate symptoms and cause the ulcer to worsen. This can cause other gastric issues to appear or progress, and example being gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).   How can it be prevented? A gastric ulcer is known to get worse with alcohol and tobacco use. In the past it was thought that it was caused by eating too much spicy food. Now we know that stress can be a contributing factor.    A person can live with an ulcer, they normally heal between eight and ten weeks. By following a balanced diet, and dropping habits such as smoking, coffee, alcohol, and chocolate consumption, can prevent an ulcer forming. Not eating too late at night can also help.         What is the treatment? There are several medications that can be used to treat a gastric ulcer. If H. Pylori is the cause of the ulcer, the treatment will be what is known as triple therapy. This is a combination of antibiotics with bismuth subsalicylate.     Other medications that can neutralise heartburn and the stomach lining include: Proton pump inhibitors Histamine receptor blocker Stomach protectors. If anti-inflammatory medications have caused the ulcer and there is no sign of H. Pylori, then reducing the amount of medications taken is crucial, another option is to look into a different type of painkiller.        What specialist should I see? The specialist who treats gastric ulcers is a gastroenterologist.      ...

Upper GI surgery

Upper gastrointestinal (GI) surgery is surgery performed to treat pathologies of either the upper gastrointestinal tract (small bowel), gall bladder, liver, pancreas or oesophagus.  ...

Weight control

What is weight management?      Weight management is a strategy to stay healthy and prevent future diseases. It is quite often used for people who have a chronic illness. However, it is more often used for people who need to lose or put on weight, in stages of growth, and for people who have eating disorders. Maintaining a healthy weight can help control cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar. It can also help prevent weight related diseases (heart diseases, diabetes, arthritis, and some types of cancer).   Eating too much or not doing enough exercise can also lead to weight gain. In order to maintain a healthy weight the calories consumed should be equivalent to the energy used, and for weight loss, less calories than are burnt should be consumed. Weight monitoring and the ideal weight are often linked to the trend to lose weight that is prevalent in today’s society. The body mass index (BMI) is used to calculate what your ideal weight should be: weight (lbs)/height (ft). It calculates what weight range the person is in, and is only applicable to adults. A normal BMI is between 18.5 and 24.9.  Why would you do it?  Weight management is used to keep the body healthy, according to body type and needs. This is particularly important for patients with chronic diseases (diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or obesity for example), but also for patients who need to lose weight and for those who need to gain weight.  It is also useful to assess and monitor growth in the infant stage, and to check that enough nutrients are being ingested. It is quite often used in cases of eating disorders such as anorexia or bulimia, and to help recovery after illnesses or surgery. What does it involve? It is a series of methods and procedures to ensure that the patient is getting the correct intake of food. Weight control diets should not only focus on caloric intake and weight loss, but they should ensure that the person is following a balanced diet without nutritional deficiencies. The specialist may recommend having 5 meals a day, drinking plenty of water, and avoiding unhealthy snacks, among other recommendations. The aim of weight management programmes is to modify eating habits, so that the patient reaches a healthy weight from a clinical and aesthetic point of view. All weight management programmes should be personalised to promote metabolic adaptations maintaining results over time, as well as teaching the patient how to avoid weight fluctuations.       Even though many diets involve calorie restriction, weight control should be influenced by the distribution of intake rather than the quantity.    How to prepare for it If a patient decides that they want to start a weight loss or weight management programme, they should see a doctor so that they can assess their weight and potential health risks, as well as determine the patient’s real needs (weight loss or weight gain for example) and what can help them make informed decisions relating to weight management.   Before embarking on any kind of weight management treatment, it is important to bear in mind that:   Motivation is crucial when starting a nutrition treatment.   The targets set should be reasonable: the ideal weight means a person is healthier and has a better quality of life.    Weight loss should be gradual and permanent, avoiding big fluctuations. Weight loss maintained over time favours the reduction of fat deposits, limits protein loss, and prevents the basal metabolic rate from decreasing. The diet should be balanced, without causing micronutrient deficiencies as these can worsen the patient’s health. The diet should be varied, avoiding meal monotony, which could demotivate the patient and make it difficult for them to succeed.       Post treatment care     The main task after weight management treatment is to maintain the routines and healthy habits acquired thanks to the help of the nutrition and dietetics specialist.   Obesity is a major health and nutrition problem in today’s society. Excess body fat can raise your chances of digestive, respiratory, and cardiovascular diseases, as well as osteoarthritis or cancer. Thus it is not only an aesthetic matter, it is also a health issue.       ...

Weight loss

What is weight loss? Weight loss is a decrease in body weight by either following a diet and exercise regime or because of involuntarily circumstances such as illness. Body weight is determined by the amount of energy that is consumed as food and the amount of energy expended during daily activities. If a person wants to intentionally lose weight, it is recommended that they eat a lower quantity of wholesome and filling foods to create a calorie deficit. This is in comparison to eating excessive volume of unhealthy food groups, which has caused the weight gain. The amount of calories a person consumes daily to maintain, lose or gain weight varies and depends on the individual’s metabolic rate, height, weight, age, gender and level of activity. Why do some people need to lose weight? When a person is overweight, they are more at risk of developing potentially life-threatening illnesses. Excess weight can potentially increase the risk of certain cancers and type 2 diabetes. There is also a higher risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, sleep apnoea, infertility and gallstones. These conditions should be motivating enough for those who are overweight to change their habits and lifestyle. Some people may experience shame, low self-esteem and depression, meaning weight loss can help them to feel better both physically and mentally. What causes weight gain and obesity? In cases of obesity, genetics can play a role, especially if a child is born to obese parents. Of course, what is eaten has a huge effect on which genes are expressed and which ones are not. Processed foods contain refined ingredients, additives and can also be addictive. The manufacturers of these products heavily promote overeating due to marketing low prices and deals, carefully placing products in certain positions in supermarkets, to make unhealthy food seem irresistible. Some of their tactics are unethical, advertising unhealthy foods as healthy. Many sugary foods are often compared to having the same effects on the brain as drugs, alcohol and nicotine, which causes addiction, overeating and strong cravings for junk food. Foods that are high in sugar can change the hormones and biochemistry of the body when consumed in excess. How can weight gain be prevented? Weight gain can be prevented by choosing a healthy lifestyle, which includes improving eating habits and regular physical activity. The goal should be to choose foods that are nutritious and wholesome, such as fruits, vegetables, lean cuts of meat, fish and pulses. A positive method is to add these foods into the diet and ‘crowd out’ unhealthy processed foods such as refined carbohydrates and foods laden with sugar and to eat little and often throughout the day. Adding exercise to a daily routine means that calories will be burned and likely that weight will be lost. Consulting with a nutritionist, GP or personal trainer can provide guidance and support. Please consult a GP or physician for guidance if considering following a weight loss plan. ...

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