How can exercise help with cancer therapy?

Exercise is increasingly recognised as an important part of cancer care. For people undergoing cancer treatment - including those with urological cancers like prostate, bladder or kidney cancer - regular physical activity can play a supportive role in managing side effects, maintaining physical function, and improving overall wellbeing. It is now considered a safe and beneficial complement to medical treatment in most cases.

Why is exercise important during cancer therapy?

Cancer and its treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormone therapy, can significantly impact a patient’s physical and mental health. Common side effects include fatigue, loss of muscle strength, reduced mobility, and emotional challenges like anxiety or depression. Exercise has been shown to help manage or reduce many of these effects, even during active treatment.

How does exercise benefit patients with urological cancers?

For patients with urological cancers - particularly prostate cancer - exercise can support physical resilience during and after treatment. Hormone therapy, commonly used in prostate cancer, often causes loss of muscle mass, weight gain and fatigue. Regular activity can help counteract these effects.

Specific benefits may include:

• Improved cardiovascular fitness
• Better muscle strength and function
• Reduced cancer-related fatigue
• Preservation of bone density
• Improved metabolic health
• Enhanced mood and cognitive function

What types of exercise are recommended?

The ideal exercise routine depends on the patient’s physical condition, stage of treatment and medical history. Generally, aerobic and resistance training is encouraged. Examples include:

Aerobic exercise:

• Walking or light jogging
• Cycling
• Swimming

Resistance training:

• Light weights or resistance bands
• Bodyweight exercises (such as squats or leg raises)

Flexibility and balance:

• Stretching
• Yoga or tai chi

Before starting any programme, patients should consult with their oncologist or urologist. In many cases, a referral to a physiotherapist or cancer exercise specialist may be appropriate.

Can exercise improve treatment outcomes or survival?

There is emerging evidence that physical activity may not only improve quality of life but also positively influence treatment outcomes. In prostate cancer, for example, exercise has been associated with:

• Reduced risk of disease progression
• Better tolerance of hormone therapy
• Lower rates of treatment-related complications
• Possibly improved survival in some patients

While research is ongoing, these findings suggest that staying active could be an important part of long-term cancer management.

What should patients consider before starting exercise during cancer treatment?

Patients should:

• Speak with their medical team before starting an exercise plan
• Start gradually and adjust the intensity according to energy levels
• Listen to their body - some days may require rest or lighter activity
• Stay hydrated and protect against injury, especially if treatment affects balance or bone strength

Is exercise also helpful after treatment ends?

Yes. Physical activity continues to offer benefits in the recovery phase. It can aid in regaining strength, reducing long-term side effects, managing weight, and supporting mental health. It may also help reduce the risk of cancer recurrence in some cases.