Gout: Causes, symptoms, and management

Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis characterised by sudden, severe episodes of joint pain, swelling, redness, and warmth. It occurs when uric acid builds up in the bloodstream and forms sharp crystals that deposit in the joints. Although gout can affect anyone, it is more common in men and typically develops in middle age, while women are more likely to experience it after menopause.

Uric acid is produced when the body breaks down purines, substances naturally found in the body and in certain foods. When the kidneys cannot effectively remove uric acid, levels rise, increasing the risk of crystal formation. Foods high in purines—such as red meat, organ meats, shellfish, and some fish—can contribute to gout. Alcohol, especially beer, and sugary beverages are also known triggers. Other risk factors include obesity, high blood pressure, kidney disease, and a family history of gout.

The most common symptom of gout is an intense pain that often begins suddenly, frequently at night. The big toe is a classic site, but gout can also affect the ankles, knees, wrists, fingers, and elbows. An attack may last several days to weeks, and repeated attacks can lead to chronic gout, joint damage, and the formation of tophi—hard deposits of uric acid under the skin.

Management of gout focuses on relieving pain during acute attacks and preventing future episodes. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), colchicine, and corticosteroids are commonly used to control inflammation and pain. Long-term treatment may include medications that lower uric acid levels, such as allopurinol or febuxostat.

Lifestyle changes play an important role in gout management. Maintaining a healthy weight, staying well hydrated, limiting alcohol, and adopting a balanced diet low in purines can significantly reduce the frequency and severity of attacks. With proper treatment and preventive care, most people with gout can effectively manage the condition and maintain a good quality of life.