Nutrition and glaucoma
Glaucoma is a long-term eye condition that affects the optic nerve and can lead to loss of vision if not treated. Treatment usually involves eye drops, laser treatment or surgery to lower eye pressure. At present, no diet or supplement can cure glaucoma or replace medical treatment. However, eating a healthy, balanced diet supports general health and may also help support eye health.
Consultant ophthalmic surgeon Mr Sameer Trikha explains what is currently known about nutrition and glaucoma and how healthy eating may form part of your overall care.
Can diet affect glaucoma?
Research suggests that certain foods and dietary patterns may support blood flow to the optic nerve and help reduce oxidative stress (cell damage). These factors are thought to play a role in glaucoma, although research is ongoing and not all findings are conclusive (Wang, Singh and Lin, 2018).
Following general healthy eating advice, as recommended by the NHS, is encouraged for people with glaucoma (Glaucoma Research Foundation, n.d.-a).
Foods that may support eye health
A balanced intake of key food groups may help support overall eye health and complement general wellbeing in people with glaucoma.
Green leafy vegetables
Vegetables such as spinach, kale, cabbage and lettuce are rich in nutrients including nitrates and antioxidants. Nitrates help the body produce nitric oxide, which supports healthy blood vessels. Some studies suggest that people who eat more green leafy vegetables may have a lower risk of developing glaucoma (Zhang et al., 2019; Glaucoma Research Foundation, n.d.-b).
Fish and healthy fats
Oily fish such as salmon, sardines and mackerel contain omega-3 fatty acids. These fats support heart and blood vessel health, which is important for good circulation to the eyes. Plant sources include flaxseed, chia seeds and walnuts. Evidence is limited, but these foods are part of a healthy balanced diet (Optometrists.org, n.d.).
Fruit and vegetables
Fruits and vegetables provide antioxidants, including vitamins A, C and E, which help protect cells from damage. Eating a wide range of colourful fruits and vegetables supports general eye health and overall wellbeing (Glaucoma Research Foundation, n.d.-b).
Healthy eating patterns
Rather than focusing on individual foods or supplements, many experts recommend a Mediterranean-style diet. This includes:
- Vegetables and fruit.
- Wholegrains.
- Beans and pulses.
- Fish.
- Healthy fats such as olive oil.
This way of eating supports heart health and may help manage conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes, which are important for people with glaucoma (Glaucoma Today, 2025).
Things to have in moderation
These dietary factors are generally safe in normal amounts, but may need to be limited in some people with glaucoma.
- Caffeine: large amounts of caffeine may cause a short-term rise in eye pressure in some people. Moderate intake is advised.
- Drinking large volumes quickly: drinking very large amounts of fluid in a short time may temporarily increase eye pressure. It is better to sip fluids regularly throughout the day (Glaucoma Research Foundation, n.d.-a).
Supplements
There is currently no strong evidence that vitamin or mineral supplements prevent glaucoma from worsening. Most people can get all the nutrients they need from a balanced diet. Always speak to your GP, pharmacist or eye specialist before starting supplements (Glaucoma Research Foundation, n.d.-b).
Key points to remember
- Diet does not replace glaucoma treatment.
- Healthy eating supports overall and eye health.
- Eat plenty of vegetables (especially leafy greens), fruit and wholefoods.
- Follow NHS healthy eating advice.
- Always continue prescribed glaucoma treatment and attend regular eye appointments.
While nutrition cannot treat or reverse glaucoma, a balanced diet may form a supportive part of long-term eye health management.
