ADHD: ask an expert

Leading consultant psychiatrist Dr Oscar D'Agnone answers your commonly asked questions about ADHD, including an explanation of common symptoms, causes and treatment.

What is ADHD and what are its symptoms?

ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. It consists of persistent patterns of inattention and /or hyperactivity-impulsivity which impacts on the patient’s daily life.

ADHD has three subcategories, which are as follows:

• Predominantly inattentive presentation: This is characterised by symptoms of inattention. These symptoms include difficulty paying attention, forgetfulness, disorganisation and struggling to complete tasks.
• Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation: Symptoms of predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation include fidgeting, interrupting others and difficulty waiting their turn/impatience.
• Combined presentation: This subtype includes symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity.
   

Some common symptoms which ADHD sufferers present with include:

• Difficulty paying attention to details or completing tasks.
• Forgetfulness or losing things.
• Difficulty following instructions.
• Easily distracted or side-tracked.
• Fidgeting or restlessness.
• Interrupting or blurting out answers before the question is complete.
• Difficulty waiting their turn.
• Excessive talking.
  
   

Symptoms of ADHD can vary from person to person and may change over time. In order to diagnose ADHD, the patient must be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.

What causes ADHD?

The exact cause of ADHD is unknown. However, research suggests that it is likely due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Research has demonstrated that ADHD tends to run in families, which suggests that genes play a role in the development of the disorder. However, having a family member with ADHD does not necessarily mean that a person will also have the disorder.

Environmental factors such as prenatal exposure to toxins, premature birth, low birth weight, and head injuries have also been associated with an increased risk of developing ADHD. Additionally, certain lifestyle factors such as a poor diet, lack of physical activity and excessive screen time may also contribute to the development of ADHD.

There is no single cause of ADHD. Several different factors may contribute to the development of the disorder in different individuals. Further research is required to fully understand the complex relationship between genetic and environmental factors involved in ADHD.

At what age does ADHD appear?

ADHD can appear at any age, but it most commonly appears during childhood. Symptoms of ADHD typically emerge in early childhood, usually before the age of 12, and may be noticed by parents, teachers, or other caregivers.

In some cases, ADHD may not be diagnosed until later in life, such as during adolescence or adulthood. This may be due to several reasons, including milder symptoms that were not noticed earlier, or an individual's ability to compensate for their symptoms.

Symptoms of ADHD can change over time and may be more or less noticeable depending on the individual's age and life circumstances. For example, hyperactive and impulsive behaviours may be more noticeable in younger children, while symptoms of inattention may become more apparent as a child enters adolescence and faces new academic and social demands.

A proper diagnosis of ADHD requires a comprehensive evaluation by a qualified healthcare provider.

How do you treat ADHD?

ADHD is typically treated with a combination of medication, behavioural therapy, and lifestyle changes. The goal of treatment is to reduce the symptoms of ADHD and improve the individual's ability to function in daily life.

Some psychiatrists treat patients through integration of three major strategies: medication, CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy) and lifestyle changes.

Medication

Stimulant medications such as methylphenidate and amphetamines are often prescribed to help improve attention and reduce hyperactivity and impulsivity in individuals with ADHD. They are generally considered safe and effective, but they do have potential side effects, therefore it is essential to work closely with a healthcare provider in order to monitor usage.

Behavioural Therapy

Behavioural therapy, such as cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), can be an effective treatment for ADHD, particularly in children. It encourages teaching of new skills and strategies to manage ADHD symptoms, such as improving organisation, planning, and time management. CBT also can encourage development of It can also help development of coping skills to manage the emotional and social challenges of living with ADHD.

Lifestyle Changes

Making lifestyle changes can also be an effective way to manage ADHD symptoms. Regular exercise can help reduce hyperactivity and improve mood, while improving sleep habits can help reduce inattentiveness and improve overall functioning. In addition, establishing routines and organisation systems can help individuals with ADHD manage their time and tasks more effectively.

It's important to note that treatment for ADHD is highly individualised. A comprehensive evaluation by a qualified healthcare provider is necessary to determine the best course of treatment for an individual with ADHD.

 

Is ADHD curable?

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder, and currently, there is no known cure for the condition. However, with proper treatment, individuals with ADHD can learn to manage their symptoms effectively and improve their functioning in daily life.

The goal of treatment for ADHD is to reduce symptoms and improve functioning, rather than to cure the condition. Medication and behavioural therapy are often effective in reducing symptoms and improving the quality of life for individuals with ADHD.

It's important to note that the symptoms of ADHD may change over time, and some individuals may find that their symptoms improve as they get older. However, it's also possible for symptoms to persist into adulthood and continue to affect daily functioning.

Managing ADHD requires ongoing effort and commitment. It is essential for individuals with the condition to work closely with specialized clinicians to develop a treatment plan that works for them. With the right support and treatment, individuals with ADHD can lead fulfilling and successful lives.

If you would like to book a consultation with Dr D'Agnone, do not hesitate to do so by visiting his Top Doctors profile today.