Hyperparathyroidism: Symptoms, diagnosis, and management
Hyperparathyroidism is a medical condition in which one or more of the parathyroid glands produce excessive amounts of parathyroid hormone (PTH). These four small glands, located behind the thyroid gland in the neck, help regulate calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood. When too much PTH is released, calcium is drawn from the bones into the bloodstream, leading to elevated blood calcium levels and a range of health problems.
There are three main types of hyperparathyroidism: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary hyperparathyroidism is usually caused by a benign tumour called an adenoma or by enlargement of the parathyroid glands.
Secondary hyperparathyroidism develops in response to chronic low calcium levels, often resulting from chronic kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism occurs when the glands continue producing excessive PTH even after the underlying cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism has been treated.
Symptoms may include fatigue, muscle weakness, frequent urination, excessive thirst, kidney stones, abdominal pain, constipation, depression, and memory problems. In some cases, people experience no symptoms, and the condition is discovered during routine blood tests showing elevated calcium levels.
Diagnosis involves measuring blood calcium, PTH, phosphorus, and vitamin D levels, along with urine tests and imaging studies to identify abnormal parathyroid glands. Early diagnosis is important to prevent complications such as osteoporosis, fractures, kidney damage, and cardiovascular problems.
Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Mild cases may only require regular monitoring, hydration, and lifestyle changes. More severe cases, particularly primary hyperparathyroidism, often require surgical removal of the affected gland or glands. Medications may also be prescribed to manage calcium levels or address vitamin D deficiency.
With timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment, most individuals with hyperparathyroidism can effectively control the condition, reduce complications, and maintain a good quality of life through ongoing medical care and regular follow-up.
