Urinary tract infections: Understanding the most common causes

Written by: Mr Nkwam Michael Nkwam
Published:
Edited by: Sophie Kennedy

The symptoms of urinary tract infections (UTIs) can range from mild discomfort to severe pain and serious complications. To learn more about the causes of UTIs and how to prevent them, we invited Mr Nkwam Michael Nkwam, a distinguished consultant urological surgeon, to share his expert insight.

What are the most common causes of urinary tract infections?

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can occur due to various factors. Some common reasons why some people may be more prone to UTIs include:


Anatomy

Differences in urinary tract anatomy can affect the flow of urine and make it easier for bacteria to enter and cause infections.


Sexual activity

Women are more susceptible to UTIs due to their shorter urethra, which allows bacteria to reach the bladder more easily. Sexual activity can also contribute to UTIs.


Age

Elderly individuals may be at higher risk due to weakened immune systems or age-related changes in the urinary tract.


Pregnancy

Hormonal changes during pregnancy can make UTIs more common.


Urinary catheters

People with urinary catheters have an increased risk of developing UTIs because bacteria can enter the urinary tract through the catheter.


Immune system

A weakened immune system can reduce the body's ability to fight off bacterial infections, including UTIs.


Personal hygiene

Poor bathroom hygiene can increase the likelihood of bacteria entering the urinary tract.


Underlying health conditions

Conditions like diabetes or kidney stones can make UTIs more likely.


Voiding habits

Holding urine for extended periods or not fully emptying the bladder can contribute to UTIs.


Is it possible to prevent UTIs?

It's important to note that each person's susceptibility to UTIs can be influenced by a combination of these factors, and some people may have a higher overall risk compared to others. Maintaining good hygiene, staying hydrated, and seeking prompt medical attention for UTIs are essential preventive measures.



To schedule a consultation with Mr Nkwam, visit his Top Doctors profile today.

By Mr Nkwam Michael Nkwam
Urology

Mr Nkwam Michael Nkwam is a highly respected consultant urological surgeon based in London. He is renowned for his expertise in benign prostate hyperplasia (enlargement), prostate cancer diagnostics and Holmium laser (HoLEP). He additionally specialises in kidney stones, haematuria (blood in the urine) and vasectomy.

After obtaining a bachelor’s degree with honours, Mr Nkwam qualified in medicine from St. George’s, University of London in 2007. He completed his further surgical training in the West Midlands and was awarded membership of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 2010. Mr Nkwam undertook specialist higher surgical training in urology in the East Midlands training programme and was appointed as a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons’ Urology section in 2017. Following this, he completed a twelve-month fellowship based at Luton and Dunstable University Hospital NHS Trust specialising in Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) and endourology. Having gained invaluable insight into this form of treatment, he successfully performed the first HoLEP procedure at King’s College Hospital, London in 2020. With wide ranging expertise and experience in endourology, general urology and urological oncology, Mr Nkwam is regarded as a leading surgeon in his field. He sees private patients at HCA UK at The Shard, Chelsfield Park Hospital, the Shirley Oaks Hospital and the London Circumcision Centre.

Additional to his clinical responsibilities, Mr Nkwam provides essential training for GPs on a range of important areas of urology, including updates in the management of kidney stones, benign prostate hyperplasia and men’s health, amongst others. His numerous academic papers are published in revered peer-reviewed journals and he has presented his work at various key national and international conferences in his field.

Throughout his esteemed career, the excellence of Mr Nkwam’s work has been recognised with numerous awards, including ‘Best Poster in Session’ prizes, awarded by the European Association of Urologists in 2017 and the British Association of Urological Surgeons in 2018. That same year, Mr Nkwam was also the Ian McCallum Research Prize winner. He is a member of a number of key professional bodies, including British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST) and the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS).

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