All about macular degeneration

Macular degeneration (AMD) is a condition that can result in significant vision impairment and potential blindness. It affects approximately 700,000 individuals in the UK, with nearly 200 new cases being diagnosed daily, significantly impacting their lives. Leading consultant optometrist Mr Sachin Patel explains more about the condition, including how it is detected and treatment options.

What is macular degeneration?

Macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic eye disease which slowly degenerates central vision, leading to difficulties performing tasks which require clear sight.

Macular degeneration is a chronic eye disease that gradually impairs central vision, making it difficult to perform tasks that require clear sight. The macula plays a pivotal role in facilitating sharp, detailed vision, allowing us to see objects clearly.

Central vision starts to become unclear or distorted as this part of the retina deteriorates, making it difficult to concentrate on small details, and can cause difficulties while reading and driving.

There are two forms of macular degeneration – Dry and Wet. Around 10% of people who have dry macular degeneration then develop wet macular degeneration, which is more aggressive and is normally caused by age. 

How is macular degeneration detected?

Detecting macular degeneration in its early stages is essential for effective management of the condition. It is important to have regular eye tests, particularly after the age of 50, to help spot any signs of macular degeneration.

In my clinic, we use the Heidelberg Spectralis OCT scan in order to undertake a non-invasive 3D scan of the macula. The scan permits us to detect the condition early and accurately.

How is macular degeneration treated?

Although there is no cure for macular degeneration, there are multiple treatment options which can slow down its progression and manage its symptoms. The choice of treatment depends on the type and stage of macular degeneration.

Dry macular degeneration treatment

Treatment for dry macular degeneration tends to focus on lifestyle changes and nutritional supplements, including antioxidant vitamins and minerals, such as: 

• Vitamin C
• Vitamin E
• Zinc
• Copper

Such supplements can help to minimise the risk of disease advancement. A diet abundant in green leafy vegetables, fish, and nuts can also play a role in preserving eye health. Supplements may also be suggested.

Wet macular degeneration treatment

Wet macular degeneration is characterised by the abnormal growth of blood vessels beneath the retina, and requires more intensive treatment. Typically, injections are given to prevent the formation of new blood vessels and prevent leakage. Ideally, this treatment should commence within two weeks.

Can macular degeneration be prevented?

Although macular degeneration is more prevalent in older adults, certain lifestyle adjustments and eye care practices may help mitigate the risk of developing the condition:

Healthy diet: Incorporating a diet abundant in antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamins can contribute to eye health. Essential nutrients can be found in foods such as salmon, spinach, kale, and oranges.

Regular exercise: Engaging in consistent physical activity promotes improved blood circulation to the eyes, reducing the likelihood of macular degeneration.

Eye protection: Safeguarding your eyes from harmful UV rays by wearing sunglasses is essential.

Smoking: Individuals who smoke face a heightened risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Regular eye tests: For those over 50 or with a family history of the condition, annual eye exams are recommended to facilitate early detection of diseases. However, considering the existence of other forms of macula disease, annual checks are advisable for all age groups.

Is macular degeneration a common condition?

Yes, macular degeneration is one of the primary causes of vision loss in the elderly population.

Are there any warning signs of macular degeneration?

Symptoms may manifest as central vision blurriness or distortion, challenges in recognising faces, and appearance of dark spots in your sight, although these signs are generally not evident in the early stages.

Can macular degeneration lead to complete blindness?

While macular degeneration can lead to significant vision loss, peripheral vision is typically unaffected, allowing individuals to maintain some degree of functional vision. The extent of impairment varies based on the severity of the disease.

It is crucial to remember that regular eye examinations, incorporating Heidelberg OCT scanning, adopting a healthy lifestyle, and seeking timely medical attention are vital for effectively managing macular degeneration.

If you would you like to book a consultation with Mr Patel, simply visit his Top Doctors profile today