What is drug addiction?

Drug addiction is a health problem caused by the frequent consumption of addictive substances. Drug addiction can cause both physical and psychological changes, often leading to a change in lifestyle. This is characterised by compulsive and continuous use.

Not all drug users are addicts – many people experiment with drugs, particularly young people, and others may take drugs recreationally every now and again, without developing an addictive habit. However, many individuals who start taking drugs, even if only experimentally or recreationally at first, become addicted as they take the substance more and more, leading to health problems. Some people also turn to psychoactive drugs to relieve pain or deal with problems like stress or depression, and this behaviour can also lead to dependence on the drug.

Patients may engage the services of a psychologist or psychiatrist, using behavioural therapies to help them steer clear of self-destructive behaviours.

What are the symptoms of drug addiction?

Drug addiction is characterised by:

• Excessive consumption of the addictive substance
• Inability to go long periods without taking the drug without experiencing withdrawal symptoms, such as irritability, mood swings, sweats, chills, and malaise
• Obsession with the drug in question
• Abandoning previous interests, hobbies, and activities that the individual used to enjoy
• Strain on relationships and social life
• Changes in personality
• Problems at work

Why drug addiction occurs?

Neurochemical changes: Drug addiction often begins with the consumption of substances that alter the brain's normal functioning. These substances, such as opioids, stimulants, or alcohol, interact with the brain's reward system. They trigger the release of neurotransmitters like dopamine, which creates pleasurable feelings. Repeated use of the drug can lead to changes in the brain's chemistry, making the individual crave the substance to feel normal.

Genetic predisposition: Some people may have a genetic predisposition to addiction. This means they are more vulnerable to developing addiction due to their family history. Genetic factors can influence how an individual's body responds to drugs, making them more susceptible to dependency.

Environmental factors: Environmental factors play a significant role in drug addiction. These may include exposure to drug use within one's family or social circle, easy access to drugs, and stressful life events. Peer pressure, socioeconomic status, and lack of positive coping mechanisms can also contribute to drug addiction. 

Psychological factors: Individuals with underlying mental health issues, such as depression, anxiety, or trauma, may turn to drugs as a way to self-medicate and escape from their emotional pain. This can lead to a cycle of addiction as they rely on the substance to cope with their emotional struggles.

Chronic pain management: Some individuals become addicted to prescription medications, especially opioids, when they are used for pain management. Over time, they may develop a tolerance to the medication and require higher doses, which can lead to addiction.

Can drug addiction be prevented?

Education and awareness: As mentioned previously, one of the most effective ways to prevent drug addiction is through education and awareness. Schools, communities, and healthcare providers should educate individuals about the dangers of drug use, the potential for addiction, and the consequences for physical and mental health.

Promoting healthy coping mechanisms: Encouraging the development of healthy coping mechanisms to deal with stress, anxiety, and emotional issues can be crucial in preventing drug addiction. This can include therapy, mindfulness practices, exercise, and engaging in hobbies.

Prescription drug monitoring: Healthcare professionals can help prevent prescription drug addiction by carefully monitoring and limiting the use of potentially addictive medications, particularly opioids, for pain management. Patients should be informed about the risks and closely monitored during treatment.

Supportive communities: Building strong, supportive communities can help individuals resist the pressure to use drugs. Families, friends, and community organisations can provide a sense of belonging and purpose, reducing the appeal of substance abuse.

Early intervention: Recognising signs of substance abuse and providing early intervention and treatment is vital. The sooner someone gets help for their addiction, the better chance they have of recovery.

What is the treatment for drug dependence?

Treatment for drug addiction may include counselling, psychotherapy, or medication prescribed by a doctor to help counter the effects of withdrawal.

Many patients enter group therapy, which provides social reinforcement of the ideals of sobriety. Many of these group therapy sessions involve using positive reinforcement, such as the award of chips for a certain number of days sober to encourage addicts to stay clean. Knowing that they are not alone can help many addicts with the mental health repercussions of drug addiction, such as depression.

Once it develops, drug addiction is a chronic condition, and relapses are common over time. Therefore, treatment is rarely needed only once.