Trace elements
What is analysed?
Trace elements are a subset of essential minerals in the body that play an important role in various physiological functions, including the production of enzymes and hormones.
Trace elements include:
- chromium
- copper
- fluoride
- iodine
- iron
- manganese
- molybdenumv
- seleniumv
- cinc
The trace elements test measures the level of trace elements, mainly in the blood but also in urine or other bodily fluid.
What does the result mean?
The result indicates the concentration of trace elements in the body.
Why conduct the analysis?
The trace elements test is conducted to detect and monitor mineral deficiencies or excesses. In some cases, the analysis is conducted to assess nutritional status.
When to conduct the analysis?
The trace elements test is conducted when symptoms of mineral deficiency or excess, such as anaemia or goitre, are observed. The analysis is also conducted as required, for patients who have a health condition that affects mineral use.
What sample is required?
A blood sample is required. The blood is drawn from a vein, usually in the arm.
In some cases, a random or 24-hour urine sample may be required, a tissue sample, or another type of body fluid sample.
Is any prior preparation necessary?
If a blood sample is required, patients should fast for 8-12 hours before the sample is taken. Patients should also inform a healthcare professional about any medications being taken, as they could affect results.
How is it performed?
The sample is sent to a laboratory, where it is analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) techniques to measure trace element concentrations in samples.
What are the normal values?
| Trace element | Normal range |
|---|---|
| Zinc | 70 to 120 micrograms per decilitre (µg/dL) |
| Copper | 70 to 140 µg/dL |
| Seleniumv | 55 to 200 µg/dL |
| Iron | 60 to 170 µg/dL |
| Manganese | 4 to 15 µg/L |
What does having altered values mean?
- Low zinc levels: Indicate poor dietary intake, leading to immune dysfunction.
- Low seleniumv levels: Indicate an increased risk of certain cancers and compromised immune function.
- Low iron levels: Indicate iron deficiency anaemia.
- High copper levels: Indicate Wilson’s disease or excessive dietary intake, leading to liver disease.
- High manganese levels: Indicate neurotoxicity.
Typically, low levels of a mineral indicate deficiency while high levels of a mineral indicate excess. However, when it comes to trace elements, it’s important to know that certain treatments for excess elements might cause a temporary rise in blood and urine concentrations. Additionally, factors like infection, inflammation, pregnancy, and several conditions can temporarily elevate levels of specific elements such as copper and zinc.