Undescended testicle (Cryptorchidism)
What is cryptorchidism?
An undescended testicle, medically known as cryptorchidism, is a common condition in young male children where one of the testicles has not moved into its usual position in the scrotum. It can occur with one (unilateral cryptorchidism) or both (bilateral cryptorchidism) testes.
It is a problem that is thought to affect approximately 4% of baby boys, although in most cases the testicle(s) will descend of its own accord in the first six months after birth.
An undescended testicle may be in one of a number of places:
- Along the path of descent (in the abdomen, below the kidney, before the inguinal ring)
- In the inguinal canal (the passage above the scrotum that contains the spermatic cord)
- Outside the normal path of descent and inguinal canal – these ectopic testes have “wandered” during their descent and ended up in the wrong place, such as within the lower abdomen, under the skin of the thigh, the perineum, or even in the wrong part of the scrotum.
In some cases, a testicle may be absent altogether, a condition known as monorchism.
Symptoms of an undescended testicle
Undescended testicles are usually diagnosed physically by the doctor. The only real symptom is the physical absence of the testicle in the scrotum. However, this physical examination can be difficult with a small baby, so the doctor may refer the child to a paediatric surgeon if concerned about possible cryptorchidism.
If the testicle cannot be located physically, the doctors may run scans, tests, or even laparoscopic (keyhole) surgery to locate it.
If the testicles haven’t descended by themselves by six months of age, they are unlikely to and treatment is usually recommended, as if they are left in the abdomen they can lead to complications, such as fertility problems later in life and increase the risk of testicular cancer.
Causes of cryptorchidism
Undescended testicles occur more frequently in premature babies. Family history of the condition is also a risk factor.
What is the treatment for Cryptorchidism?
If the testicles have not descended by themselves after six months, treatment may be required.
An operation called an orchidopexy is a surgical treatment to move the undescended testicles into their correct position in the scrotum. This is usually performed in the first year of the child’s life, as the sooner it is done, the lower the risk of fertility problems and testicular cancer in later life.
What age do the testes descend?
By Miss Marie-Klaire Farrugia
2021-10-22
Leading paediatric urological surgeon, Miss Marie-Klaire Farrugia explains what to do if your child’s testicle hasn’t descended at birth. See more
Common medical problems in children
By Mr Stefano Giuliani
2021-10-15
Babies and children can be prone to a number of medical problems, some of which they are born with. For example, some common medical issues that male babies face include foreskin problems and undescended testes. Mr Stefano Giuliani, a leading paediatric surgeon, explains some of the most common medical problems in children that he regularly treats. See more
Undescended testicles: how are they treated?
By Mr Simon Clarke
2021-10-10
Leading paediatric surgeon, Mr Simon Clarke, spoke to us about all the symptoms of undescended testicles, how the condition is diagnosed, how common it is and when it should be treated. We found out details on orchidopexy and how children who need to have the surgery, should prepare. See more
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Mr Stefano Giuliani
Paediatric surgeryExpert in:
- Inguinal hernia
- Undescended testicle (Cryptorchidism)
- Umbilical hernia
- Tongue tie
- Abdominal pain
- Neonatal surgery
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Mr Munther Haddad
Paediatric surgeryExpert in:
- Laparoscopy
- Appendicitis
- Circumcision
- Inguinal hernia
- Undescended testicle (Cryptorchidism)
- Abdominal pain
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Mr Petr Holy
UrologyExpert in:
- Benign prostate enlargement
- Prostate biopsy
- Prostate cancer
- Undescended testicle (Cryptorchidism)
- Urethral stricture
- Rezūm
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Mr Simon Clarke
Paediatric surgeryExpert in:
- Hernia
- Hernia
- Undescended testicle (Cryptorchidism)
- Circumcision
- Thoracic surgery
- Laparoscopy
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Mr Alex Turner
Paediatric urologyExpert in:
- Bladder problems
- Paediatric urology
- Paediatrics
- Second medical opinion
- Undescended testicle (Cryptorchidism)
- Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) (kidney reflux)
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