Dr Mashkur Khan

Dr Mashkur Khan
General internal medicine
Ashtead


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Dr Mashkur Khan General internal medicine in
Ashtead
Epsom &
London

MBBS FRCP(Lond) FRCPI

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Dr Mashkur Khan areas of expertise:

Professional statement

Dr Mashkur Khan is a leading London-based consultant physician, with a special interest in geriatric medicine and diseases common in the elderly population. From his main base at Ashtead Hospital, and his private clinics across London, he provides clinical excellence in all aspects of general medicine, deals with multi-system pathology and has vast experience in multi-system diseases which affect the quality of life of the patient, complex fainting and blackouts, along with patients who present with an acute crisis, diagnostic dilemmas and atypical presentations.

Alongside his clinical practice at both Ashtead hospital and across London, Dr Khan also devotes time to teaching and examining future doctors, and is an active member of a number of associations in his field.


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 Videos of the doctor

Atypical presentations in the aging pat...

 Doctor's articles

Comorbidity
Multiple morbidities: how do you treat ...

 Credentials

GMC: 4263177

 Professional experience

• More than 20 years of experience
• Consultant Physician, Ashtead Hospital (present)
• Consultant Physican, Epsom General Hospital (2002 - present)
• Consultant Physician, Spire St Anthony's Hospital (present)
• Dementia Lead, Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust
• Honorary Senior Lecturer, St George's, University of London

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 Sub-specialties

• Syncope
• Complex blackouts
• Complex Parkinson's disease and it's variants
• Balance disorders
• Blood pressure changes
• Fainting
• Memory loss
• Change in functioning of the brain, affecting the thinking of the patient
• Unexplained fatigue and tiredness
• Incontinence
• Falls
• All aspects of general and geriatric medicine

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 Positions in public associations

• Section President of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Royal Society of Medicine (2016 - 2018)
• Previous Treasurer of Royal Society of Medicine
• Clinical Lead of Elderly Care
• Trust-wide Lead for Dementia
• Organiser National Consensus Meeting on Syncope,Royal Society of Medicine 2011
• Co-Chairman South West Thames Movement Disorder Society 2011-2016
• Organiser of the Modern Management on Incontinence, Royal Society of Medicine

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 Teaching posts

• Honorary Senior Lecturer and Teacher, St George's, University of London
• Examiner, MRCP PACES clinical examination, Royal College of Physicians of London
• Host Examiner, MRCP PACES clinical examination at Epsom General Hospital
• Faculty Member, Undergraduate Education St.George's University of London
• District Tutor, Royal College of Physicians of London, Epsom General Hospital
• Training Programme Director, Core Medical Training, South West London Sector
• Member of the Training Programme Board, South West Sector London Deanery for Geriatric Medicine
• Delivers the syncope lecture to medical students and pharmacists, St George's, University of London
• Teacher, University of London

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 Education

• MBBS, Dhaka University (1989)
• FRCP 2006
• FRCPI 2011
• Associate of the Higher Education Academy

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 Publications and conferences

• Unexpected cause of deranged liver function: Pyogenic liver abscess. Cheung, Temple, Khan
• Research in Care Homes: Age and ageing. AA-17-0653
• Presidential Lecture on the Overlap between Syncope and Balance Disorder
• https://www.nature.com/articles/ncpcardio0068
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3031185/
• https://www.rsm.ac.uk/events/events-listing/2017-2018/sections/telemedicine-ehealth-section/tek02-%E2%80%98robocare%E2%80%99-the-ethical-and-practical-issues-of-using-robots-in-caregiving.aspx
• https://www.rsm.ac.uk/events/events-listing/2017-2018/sections/geriatrics-gerontology-section/evidence-based-recovery-in-older-people-managing-impairing-medical-conditions.aspx
• https://www.rsm.ac.uk/events/events-listing/2017-2018/sections/geriatrics-gerontology-section/managing-fragility.aspx
• https://videos.rsm.ac.uk/video/atypical-presentations-in-the-aging-patient-how-to-avoid-the-common-pitfalls

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 Prizes and awards

• Awarded Post Graduate Diploma in Medical Leadership, University of London and Royal College of Physicians
• Local Clinical Excellence Awards

 Professional membership

• Member of the Movement Disorders Society, USA
• Fellow of the Society of Geriatric Medicine, USA
• Member of the British Geriatric Society
• Regional Fellow at the Royal Society of Medicine
• Fellow of the Society of Geriatric Cardiology, FSGC USA

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Languages spoken

  • English

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Diseases, Medical Tests and Treatments

Comorbidity

Comorbidity, or complex chronic disease, is the situation where a patient has multiple diseases at one time; usually 3 or more. When the diseases are ...

Dementia

Dementia is the progressive loss of cognitive functions, mainly due to brain damage caused by strokes or Alzheimer’s. It greatly affects the patient´s ...

Fluctuating blood pressure

Fluctuation in the blood pressure can be due to stress, hormonal changes, or ingestion of certain foods or medicines. 

Geriatric medicine

Geriatric medicine is concerned with all aspects of elderly care and wellbeing. It encompasses almost all medical specialities. 

Parkinson's

What is Parkinson's? Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects the neurons that produce dopamine. Normally this disorder develops slowly in people from 55 to 65 years of age. What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s? This disorder causes a progressive deterioration of certain brain functions in the patient that manifest with various symptoms, including: A tremor in the arms and or legs Limb rigidity Balance problems Urinary problems Depression Speech can be affected Symptoms present differently in each patient and experiences of this disorder can be very different. What causes Parkinson’s? The exact cause of Parkinson's is unknown, however, it can attributed to a loss of nerve cells in the part of the brain called the substantia nigra. This loss of cells causes a reduced production of dopamine which is needed to regulate movement. However, it is not known what causes this loss of nerve cells. Parkinson’s disease can run in families, and passed from parent to child, however, this is a rare way to inherit the condition. Can Parkinson’s be prevented? Since the cause of this disease is not known, there is no known way to prevent it. What is the treatment for Parkinson’s? There is no known cure for Parkinson’s, however, treatments can help to manage and relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. Treatments include physiotherapy and occupational therapy, medication and in some cases surgery (deep brain stimulation). One of the important parts of the treatment is physical rehabilitation, which consists in the maintenance of muscle tone and motor functions, hence why daily physical activity is important. ...

Syncope

Syncope, lipothymy or fainting are practically synonymous and are defined as loss of consciousness. In lipothymy, patients are aware that they are becoming weaker and that at any moment their body can collapse and lose consciousness. In the case of syncope, the patient suddenly loses consciousness without previous symptoms. The causes of syncope can be very diverse, from cardiovascular such as arrhythmias or cardiac conditions, to neurovascular, such as migraines and pharmacological or metabolic causes. Its treatment consists of keeping the patient with the legs elevated and the head lowered in a well-ventilated place and without too many people around. Secondly, if this is not enough, the primary cause of the patient's lymphocyte must be treated. As for treatment, there is no drug that prevents fainting. ...

Abdominal pain

Abdominal pain is a symptom of a variety of conditions. It is the pain felt in the area between the chest and groin. It occurs for different reasons, some typical causes are: constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, food allergies or intolerances and food poisoning. ...

Acute kidney failure

Renal failure is the inability of the kidneys to properly remove toxins and other waste residues of blood. The cause associated with this disease is diabetes and blood clots caused by cholesterol, decreased blood flow or acute tubular necrosis (cells of damaged kidney), among others. As regards symptoms, the person with kidney failure tends to pass blood in stools, may bruise more easily, notice bad breath and decrease in sensitivity, especially in the hands and feet. Fatigue, hand tremor and nausea or vomiting can also be other symptoms. ...

Anaemia

Anaemia is a low count of red blood cells in the blood. It is not a disease itself, but it is a symptom that can be caused by lack of iron or loss of blood due to excessive bleeding, among other factors. ...

Angina

What is angina? Angina, or angina pectoris, is chest pain that occurs when the blood supply to the muscles of the heart is restricted. This is because the arteries supplying the heart become hardened and narrowed. An angina attack has been described as a dull and tight pain in the chest, which can spread to the left arm, neck or back. It can be triggered by physical activities or stress. It is always an emergency when an angina attack occurs and medical attention is imperative. Sometimes angina pain can be difficult to distinguish from other types of chest pain, and can be misinterpreted as indigestion. What are the symptoms of angina? The symptoms that are associated with angina include: Chest pain Pain in the neck, jaw, shoulder or back Nausea Tiredness and fatigue Shortness of breath Sweating Dizziness The chest pain felt during an angina attack has been described as an extremely heavy weight on the chest or that the chest has been squeezed. The duration of the angina attack can vary. The symptoms of angina in women can be different from the classic signs. A woman can experience nausea, shortness of breath, fatigue, abdominal pain without chest pain. This can result in a delay in seeking emergency treatment. What are the different types of angina? Stable angina is the most common type. This develops when the heart works harder, such as when exercising. It lasts for a short amount of time such as less than five minutes. It can disappear if the person experiencing the attack rests. An unstable angina is a medical emergency. This can occur even when a person is at rest and it is completely unexpected. It is severe and can last as long as 30 minutes. It can signal a heart attack. Risk factors of angina The following can increase the risk factor of an angina: Tobacco – smoking and regular exposure to second-hand smoke damages the interior walls of arteries and allows deposits of cholesterol to collect and block blood flow. Diabetes Hypertension (high blood pressure) High cholesterol or triglyceride levels – The wrong cholesterol, known as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) increases the risk of angina and heart attacks. Increase in age No exercise Overweight Stress How to prevent angina An improvement to lifestyle choices can be made to prevent angina. This includes quitting smoking, monitoring other health conditions such as hypertension and high levels of cholesterol. A healthy diet, which eradicates saturated fats is also recommended, as is regular physical activity. Stress levels should be reduced and a healthy weight maintained.  ...

Antiphospholipid syndrome

Antiphospholipid syndrome affects various specialties; it is characterised by the reappearance of thrombosis. Anticoagulant treatment is advised after the first episode. In case of recurrent episodes, some patients may be treated with immunosuppressants. ...

Autoimmune diseases

Autoimmune diseases are those in which the immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake. Autoimmune diseases tend to run in families and not the causes are known. Women are more prone to allergies. At present, there are more than 80 types of these diseases. ...

Cancer screening

Cancer screening aims to study a wide range of organs and body systems in order to detect, as early as possible, the beginning of a cancer process. Early detection of these disorders increases chances of survival considerably. ...

Cardio check up

The cardiovascular checkup allows is the study of the heart and blood vessels in order to detect early initial conditions or risk factors that may influence the development of heart disease. The goal is to change the lifestyle habits of life establish treatment plans to maintain and improve their health. ...

Cardiovascular disease

Factors that lead to an increased likelihood of cardiovascular disease (CVD) include cholesterol, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, genetics, stress, obesity, and heart rate. The most common consequences are myocardial infarction or cardiovascular pathologies such as thrombosis, stroke, or cerebral haemorrhage. Variables such as age, sex, race, and family history all play a part. Maintaining a balanced diet also helps to control the blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood glucose. ...

Cholesterol

What is cholesterol? Cholesterol is a fatty substance known as a lipid, which is mainly made by the liver and can also be found in some foods. It is vital for the human body to function properly but if the levels of cholesterol are too high in the blood, it can result in heart disease and heart stroke among other problems. Cholesterol can increase with age and is only detected through a blood test. There is also something else that may need to be monitored if someone has high cholesterol, and that is triglycerides. Having a high level of triglycerides, a type of fat (lipid) in the blood, can also increase the risk of heart disease. Why is it important to lower cholesterol? Evidence shows that high cholesterol levels can increase the risk of having a heart attack, a stroke, a mini-stroke (known as transient ischaemic attack) or a peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Cholesterol can build up in the artery wall, which restricts the blood flow to the heart, brain and the rest of the body. It can also increase the risk of a blood clot in other parts of the body. The risk of developing coronary heart disease is also higher when the blood’s cholesterol level increases. What causes high cholesterol? There are many factors that increase the chances of having high cholesterol, which include: An unhealthy diet – especially eating high levels of saturated fat. Smoking Diabetes Hypertension (high blood pressure). A family history of stroke or heart disease. Even people who eat healthily can inherit a condition called familial hypercholesterolemia, which can cause high cholesterol. What should my cholesterol levels be? The levels of blood cholesterol is measured in millimoles per litre of blood (mmol/L.) Total cholesterol levels should be 5mmol/L or less for healthy adults or 4mmol/L or less for those who are at high risk. Low-density lipoprotein (LPL) levels should at 3mmol/L or less for healthy adults or 2mmol/L or less for those at high risk. How to lower cholesterol levels? To reduce the level of cholesterol, it is recommended to maintain a healthy and balanced diet, which is low in fatty foods. Regular exercise and quitting smoking are also recommended to lower the levels of cholesterol. If following these steps does not reduce the cholesterol levels, a doctor may prescribe medication such as Statins to help. Statins block the chemicals in the liver that help to make cholesterol, which leads to a reduction the blood cholesterol level. They are only prescribed to people who are at a high risk of heart disease and will need to be taken for life. Low cholesterol diet A balanced diet, low in saturated fats can reduce LDL (bad cholesterol). The following foods should be avoided or the intake reduced: Fatty meats and meat products Butter and lard Cream, sour cream and ice cream Cheese Cake and biscuits Chocolate Coconut oil  ...

Chronic bronchitis

Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic. Chronic bronchitis is a type of COPD. Smoking tobacco is the most common cause. Excess mucus is produced by inflamed bronchials which can lead to coughing an wheezing. ...

Chronic diarrhoea

Diarrhoea is characterised by a runnier and and larger volume of stool than normal, which may sometimes contain blood, mucus, pus and undigested food. It is considered chronic diarrhoea the one that lasts more than four weeks, and may also be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain and weight loss. Its causes are multiple, the most common being abuse of laxatives, intestinal tumours, food allergies, inflammatory bowel diseases and intestinal motility disorders. It is imperative to know the causes of diarrhoea in order to choose a treatment. It is also important to avoid possible dehydration, so it is recommended to consume plenty of water and, if necessary, a rehydration solution. In addition, treatment for diarrhoea should include an astringent diet that includes foods that are easily digested such as rice, rice broth, boiled carrot, or grated or boiled apple. ...

Clinical testing

Clinical analysis or laboratory tests, are medical tests carried out to confirm or rule out a diagnosis. The results of this test should be interpreted by a medical professional. ...

Diabetes

What is diabetes? Diabetes mellitus (DM), or just diabetes refers to a group of metabolic diseases which result in an inability to regulate blood sugar levels. Having too much glucose in your blood can damage the kidneys, eyes, nerves and other parts of the body, including the blood vessels themselves. In extreme cases, diabetes can cause heart disease and strokes, and patients may even require amputation of limbs. This inability to control blood sugar comes from a problem with the hormone insulin. Insulin is produced by the pancreas, enters the bloodstream, and moves glucose out of the blood and into cells, where it is used to generate energy. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 diabetes – the cells that create insulin are attacked and destroyed by the body’s immune system as part of a defective immune response. It can develop rapidly over weeks or even days. Type 2 diabetes – either the body does not produce enough insulin, or the body’s cells stop responding to it. Patients may not be diagnosed for years, due to generic symptoms. It is by far the most common type of diabetes.   What are the symptoms? Classic diabetes symptoms include: Thirst Frequent urination Fatigue Itching around the genitals, or thrush Weight loss/muscle loss Blurred vision Slow healing   What causes diabetes? Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition – something causes the immune system to attack healthy pancreatic cells that produce insulin. It appears to run in families, so may be genetic. No one knows exactly what causes the immune system to attack the pancreas, but one theory is that it is triggered by a virus. Type 2 diabetes is acquired, and usually affects older people. It tends to be associated with obesity and lack of exercise.   How can it be prevented? Type 1 diabetes appears to be genetic, so there is no way to prevent it. To reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, it is important to have a healthy and balanced diet, take plenty of exercise, and lose weight if you are overweight or obese. Stopping smoking and drinking alcohol in moderation are also useful tips.   What is the treatment? Diabetes can’t be cured, but the symptoms can be managed. A healthy diet, regular exercise, and regular blood tests are essential to keep blood glucose levels in check. Type 1 diabetes patients require regular insulin injections for the rest of their lives to make up for the lack of insulin production by the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes patients may eventually need to take tablets, as the condition is progressive (it will worsen over time). You should see your doctor or a specialist as soon as possible if you are experiencing symptoms. If diagnosed with diabetes, a patient is usually referred to a specialist care team for treatment and long-term monitoring of the condition. ...

Diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy is a disease that affects the kidney in people with diabetes. This disease is a complication of diabetes mellitus.

Digestive diseases

Digestive diseases are diseases that affect the digestive system which can vary in severity from mild to serious. Some common diseases and conditions are cancer, coeliac disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and food intolerance. ...

Eating disorders

Eating disorders are serious behavioural problems. A person who suffers from eating disorders follows eating patterns that can seriously damage his/her health. The common causes and symptoms of this disease include excessive concern about their weight, a distorted view of the body and low self-esteem. The most common eating disorders are anorexia and bulimia nervosa. When a person suffers from anorexia, he/she avoids eating and/or takes laxatives and diuretics. In addition to this, the person may also do intense physical exercise, which could endanger her/his life. The main characteristic of bulimia is that people do binge eating, followed by purging or self-induced vomiting to eliminate and compensate for overeating. All this with a sense of guilt. In these cases, the emergency treatment of patients through a comprehensive plan that includes psychotherapy and continuous monitoring is crucial. In severe cases, the admission of patients to a specialised centre for treatment may be necessary. ...

Edema

Edema is a swelling which is caused by the excess accumulation of fluid in different body tissues. It most often occurs in the legs, feet, and ankles but can affect the entire body. ...

Fatty liver

Fatty liver disease, also known as hepatic steatosis, is a disease characterised by the accumulation of fatty acids and triglycerides in liver cells. ...

Fever of unknown origin

Fever of unknown origin refers to a high temperature over long time with no clear source. The cause of the fever can be infection, or an inflammatory or malignant disease. ...

Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia is a chronic disease that causes pain throughout the body and tenderness in joints, muscles, tendons and other soft tissues. The origin of this disease is unknown, but it may be triggered by several factors including physical or emotional trauma, bacterial or viral infection or a concurrent disease such as rheumatoid arthritis. As in polimiosiotis or idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, fibromyalgia generates fatigue and muscle pain throughout the body, in addition to sleep disorder and depression in general. The treatment of this disease is intended to relieve pain and combat the sleep disorder with medication and relaxation techniques. Moderate physical exercise is also recommended, to keep muscles active, while for depression it is advisable to follow a psychological treatment. ...

Flu vaccine

The flu vaccine is an annual vaccine to protect people from the flu virus. It is administered to groups most at risk, including those living in nursing homes, the elderly, the chronically ill, pregnant women, health professionals and children between the age of 6 months and 7 years. ...

Gastric reflux

Gastroesophageal reflux is a digestive disorder where acid from the stomach leaks back into the oesophagus. It usually occurs because of weakness in the lower oesophageal sphincter, the ring of muscle between the oesophagus and stomach. It also occurs regularly in healthy people, where it manifests as heartburn or acid indigestion but these are usually short, sporadic episodes compared to long-term gastroesophageal reflux disease. ...

Heart failure

Heart failure occurs when there is a blockage in the blood circulation. This blockage may be located within the heart muscle or outside, causing an increase in blood pressure. There are two types of heart failure: systolic when the heart muscle cannot pump blood out of the heart and diastolic, which is when the heart muscles are stiff and do not fill with blood. Both are treatable. Firstly, the patient should avoid any effort that overloads the heart, and then, he/she should take the medications that provide vitality to the exhausted heart muscle. If the blockage is within the coronary arteries it is known as coronary insufficiency. ...

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy

Hyperbaric medicine or hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy is the use of oxygen at a pressure above atmospheric pressure. 

Hypercholesterolemia

Hypercholesterolemia is the presence of cholesterol above the normal levels in the blood. This increase is often associated with coronary problems, diet, sex, lifestyle and endogenous synthesis. Therefore, the concentration of cholesterol in the blood involves hereditary and dietary factors, along with other factors related to physical activity. There are two types of hypercholesterolemia. Primary hypercholesterolemia, derived from problems in the cholesterol transfer systems and genetic factors, and secondary hypercholesterolemia, in which the increase in cholesterol is associated with certain liver, endocrine and renal diseases. ...

Infectious

Infectious diseases are a subspecialty of internal medicine and pediatrics that is responsible for diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. They are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. ...

Infectious diseases

Infectious diseases are those caused by germs which can be found everywhere: These little creatures are everywhere: air, land, water and other living things. Any infection can be acquired by touch, eating, drinking, or breathing. Apart from events beyond our control such as a dog bite or a mosquito bite, vaccines, proper hand hygiene and certain medicines help us to prevent the passing of infectious disease. The four types of germs are: bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa ...

Joint pain

Joint pain is usually caused by diseases such as arthritis, osteoarthritis and rheumatism. This type of joint pain is that of the musculoskeletal system and is often caused by inflammation due to internal bleeding in the joints, wearing of the joints, or a combination of both. The pain can affect the structures surrounding the joint, such as ligaments, bones, tendons, muscles, etc. Other symptoms of this type of pain are discomfort and fatigue in a particular area of ​​the body, punctures and a heavy sensation. Depending on the location of the joint, pain may cause limitation of motion, and depending on the severity of the injury joint swelling or warmth and redness in the area can occur. ...

Lymph nodes

What are lymph nodes? Lymph nodes, also known as lymph glands, are small glands found throughout the body and form a part of the lymph system. The lymph system is a network of organs and vessels the carries a fluid around the body between tissue and the blood. The fluid contains white blood cells called lymphocytes. The lymph system plays an integral part of the immune system, fighting against disease and infections. Where are they found in the body? Lymph nodes can be found on their own, or in groups. You can feel groups of lymph nodes in the neck, groin and underarms. You generally cannot feel most lymph nodes in the body, however, if they are swollen in the neck, you are able to feel them. What do lymph nodes do? Lymph nodes help to fight disease and they do so by filtering the lymph fluid and trapping any bacteria or viruses that pass through them. They are then destroyed by the lymphocytes, in an effort to destroy such substances before they infect other parts of the body. When lymph nodes are swollen, it usually means that they are exposed to bacteria and viruses and fighting an infection. What does it mean if my lymph nodes are swollen? It means that they are likely fighting an infection. However, more rarely, swollen lymph nodes could be caused by an underlying condition such as cancer. Swollen lymph nodes can feel tender or painful. Depending on which lymph nodes are swollen, it can help determine what the problem might be. Neck: Commonly swollen if you have a cold or sore throat. If there is a tumour or infection in the mouth, head or neck. Armpit: These lymph nodes might swell due to injury or infection in the hands or arms. Less common causes of swollen armpit lymph nodes are breast cancer and lymphoma. Groin: These will likely swell is there is an infection or injury to the feet, legs, groin or genitals. Less common causes of swelling in the groin lymph nodes are lymphoma, melanoma or testicular cancer. Collarbone: If the glands just above your collarbone are swollen, then there is likely an infection or injury in the breasts, neck, lungs or abdomen. When you should see a specialist If you are concerned at all, then you should see a doctor, however, it is recommended that you see a doctor if: They have been swollen for more than two weeks. They are swollen, but for no apparent reason such as infection or injury. They feel hard. The swollen lymph nodes have been accompanied by a fever. ...

Lymphadenopathy

What is adenopathy (lymphadenopathy)? Adenopathy is a term that refers to swelling of a gland, typically the lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy). A lymph node is an oval or kidney-shaped organ that forms part of the lymphatic system - a network of nodes, organs and lymphatic vessels situated all over the body. The lymph node’s primary function is to fight infection. The lymphatic system is in fact a vital part of the immune system, helping to identify sources of infection and preventing other parts of the body becoming infected also. What are the symptoms? Lymph nodes are located all over the body and consequently, swelling can appear in a number of locations. Common signs of a lymphadenopathy are swelling in the neck, groin, and armpits and under the chin. The swelling can be accompanied by tenderness in the lymph nodes, fever, sore throat and runny nose. If the swelling has been present for two to four weeks and the lymph nodes continue to get bigger, or the nodes are hard and rubbery and don’t move when pressed, it may be an indication of something more serious. Symptoms might also include night sweats. What causes it? Swollen lymph nodes can have multiple underlying causes. Usually, a common infection like measles, common colds, tonsillitis, ear infections, and strep throat is the root cause of lymphadenopathy. Less commonly, certain STIs, tuberculosis, infection from a cat scratch or toxoplasmosis can lead to swelling of the lymph nodes. HIV infection is also a potential underlying cause. Aside from infections, occasionally autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus will cause swollen lymph nodes. In rare instances, swelling of the lymph nodes can indicate cancers such as leukaemia (cancer of the blood and bone marrow) or lymphoma, cancer of the lymph system. Swelling can also result as a side effect of certain medications. Anyone concerned about the cause of lymph node swelling should see a doctor to establish the cause. What is the treatment? Lymph nodes are not treated directly, rather the underlying condition is treated. If the underlying cause is an infection, then the lymph nodes will normally return to normal after the infection clears up. If swollen lymph nodes are caused by an autoimmune disorder or cancer, then the underlying conditions are targeted. If the lymph nodes themselves are tender or painful, the symptoms are often treated with over-the-counter pain medication, plenty of rest and warm compressions to help with the swelling.  ...

Metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome, or plurimetabolic syndrome is the association of different health problems that can occur simultaneously or in a sequence in the same patient. Insulin resistance, genetics, environment and lifestyle are the most common causes related to this syndrome that involves a number of risks to the health, so they must be controlled immediately by a specialist. The insulin resistance causes diabetes, which is associated with a rise in blood pressure, increased cholesterol and triglyceride levels and obesity on the waist area. The main causes, especially in people over 40 years but also younger, include prolonged stress over time, a poor diet, and long fasting between meals. The general pattern of these patients is that, after a period of time with this lifestyle, they suddenly suffer a decline in their quality of life and health without seeming ill. ...

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is when a baby cannot gain enough oxygen as its lungs are immature. It usually occurs in premature babies as it is due to a lack of surfactant in the lungs, a substance that keeps the lungs inflated and allows air to circulate freely. Other risk factors can be maternal diabetes, an underweight baby or other diseases. ...

Nephritic syndrome

Nephritic syndrome is a group of diseases characterized by inflammation of the renal glomeruli. If not properly treated, it can lead to a chronic kidney disorder. ...

Neuropathic pain

Neuropathic pain occurs by the presence of an injury or disease of the peripheral or central nervous system. Neuropathy can be painless, just as pain can exist without evidence of nerve injury. Neuropathic pain, therefore, can be defined as an unpleasant sensation or emotional experience associated with dysfunction or nervous system injury. In addition, next to the neurological pain, many patients suffer from insomnia, constipation, loss of appetite, anxiety, vomiting, weakness or discomfort in the mouth. Besides, the peripheral neuropathic pain or chronic neuropathic pain is the result of damage to peripheral nerves that usually cause numbness and pain in the hands and feet, and tingling or burning. Neuromeningeal mobilization Neuromeningeal mobilization ...

Obesity

Obesity is defined as having an abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat on the body, enough so that it can be a risk to the health of the person. There most common way of classifying the amount of weight on the body, and what constitutes as a healthy balance, is the body mass index (BMI), which is calculated by dividing your weight in kilograms, by your height, squared. The NHS classifies obesity as having a body mass index of 30 to 39.9, with those over 40 being classified as severely obese, though it is not necessarily the case as those with a large amount of muscle could be classified as obese due to their weight, when it may not actually be accurate. Another way of measuring excess fat is to measure waist circumference, for men, obesity is generally considered as being larger than 94cm (37in), and 80cm (21.5in) for women.   What causes obesity?   Simply speaking, obesity is caused by consuming more calories than are burned off through physical activity. When food is consumed, especially excessive amounts of fat and sugar in the diet, the body stores it as energy, in the form of fat. There are some health conditions that can lead to obesity and weight gain, such as problems with the thyroid, especially hypothyroidism.   How is obesity treated?   The best ways of treating obesity is to increase the amount of physical activity you perform on a regular basis, and to reduce the amount of calories eaten, along with eating a healthy, balanced diet. There are a number of ways that you can do this, such as joining a weight loss group to help you manage your diet and motivate you to continue sticking to it. You can also start activities such as walking, swimming or running. You can begin with exercising for short periods of time, before building up to longer periods. There are a number of surgical procedures available to help deal with weight loss in more severe circumstances, such as gastric band, gastric bypass, and biliopancreatic diversion.   What problems can obesity lead to?   Obesity can be detrimental to the health, leading to problems in different areas of the body. It can cause strain on the heart, leading to coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and other conditions. It is one of the leading causes of diabetes type 2, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and infertility and can also have detrimental psychiatric effects such as depression along side often having a social stigma. To see a specialist to help with obesity, click here. Obesity is one of the most common diseases of modern society, caused by bad eating habits that cause a metabolic disorder in the form of excess fat and consequently overweight. If the caloric intake that provides the body is greater than that required or consumed is stored as fat. Besides, obesity may result in the acquisition of other diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, high cholesterol or cardiovascular risk. In any case, obesity treatment tailored to each person according to their age, physique, medical history and daily habits is required. By measuring the body mass index patient's degree of obesity it is known and established a slimming diet should be low calorie, low fat, with the establishment of a rehabilitation plan of eating habits and exercise. The tandem diet-exercise physical is essential for weight loss. Obesity is one of the most common diseases of modern society, caused by bad eating habits that cause a metabolic disorder in the form of excess fat and consequently overweight. If the caloric intake that provides the body is greater than that required or consumed is stored as fat. Besides, obesity may result in the acquisition of other diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, high cholesterol or cardiovascular risk. In any case, obesity treatment tailored to each person according to their age, physique, medical history and daily habits is required. By measuring the body mass index patient's degree of obesity it is known and established a slimming diet should be low calorie, low fat, with the establishment of a rehabilitation plan of eating habits and exercise. The tandem diet-exercise physical is essential for weight loss. ...

Obstructive bronchitis

Obstructive bronchitis, or obstructive airway syndrome, is a condition that affects the bronchi. This disease can develop for various reasons, including the most common, a viral infection. ...

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a disease affecting bones and is caused by a decrease in bone density, decreasing the strength of the bone and making it more susceptible to breakage. It usually follows a demineralisation of the skeleton, leaving bones brittle and susceptible to fractures and microfractures. This condition occurs mostly in women, amenorrheic or postmenopausal, due to decreased oestrogen production by the ovaries and other hormonal deficiencies. ...

Pneumonia

What is pneumonia? Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lungs caused by infection. Primarily affecting the alveoli – small air sacs deep in the lungs, where oxygen passes into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide passes out back into the lungs – pneumonia is when these air sacs become inflamed and fill with fluid. What many people don’t realise is that pneumonia is not a specific type of infection, but rather an effect that can be created by several causes, mainly bacteria or viruses. The severity can vary, with some patients – particularly babies, elderly people, and those with compromised immune systems or other diseases – becoming very ill. Some may need hospital treatment, and for some, it can even prove fatal. What are the symptoms of pneumonia? As the alveoli are filled with fluid, pneumonia can cause difficulty breathing, coughing and chest pain. Other common signs of pneumonia include: Fever Coughing up mucus Sweating and shivering Loss of appetite Feeling generally unwell Rapid heartbeat Fatigue Less commonly, patients may experience: Headaches Nausea/vomiting Wheezing Joint and muscle pain Coughing up blood Confusion/delirium – especially in older patients. What causes pneumonia? Many types of bacteria, viruses and even some fungi can cause pneumonia. The most common cause is infection by the bacteria Streptococcus pneumonia. Other culprits include: Bacteria: Haemophilus influenza Straphylococcus aureus Viruses Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Influenza type A Influenza type B Fungal pneumonia – rare in the UK Aspiration pneumonia – this is caused by breathing in something harmful, such as smoke, chemicals, vomit, or a foreign object. Those at a greater risk of catching pneumonia include babies, elderly people, smokers, people with compromised immune systems (such as those with HIV or AIDS, or people who have recently had flu), and people with other chronic health issues, such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, or heart disease.   How can it be prevented? While most cases of pneumonia are bacterial in nature and aren’t contagious, you can reduce the risk of it spreading by maintaining good standards of hygiene, for example, by covering your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, throwing away tissues immediately (germs can survive for hours after leaving your body), and washing your hands regularly. Avoiding smoking and reducing alcohol intake can help to maintain your lungs and their natural defences, as smoking and drinking can leave them weakened. People with a higher risk of infection are advised to have the pneumococcal vaccine and flu vaccine.   What is the treatment for pneumonia? Milder cases of pneumonia may be treated at home with plenty of rest and fluids, and by taking antibiotics (if appropriate – consult your doctor first!). For serious cases, the patient may need to be hospitalised, and treated by doctors there. The speed of recovery depends on the individual case. It is not uncommon for recovery to take weeks, and even months for all the symptoms (particularly fatigue) to resolve. ...

Preventive medicine

Preventive medicine is a medical specialty that deals with prevention of disease. This is done both in general medicine and specialties.

Systemic sclerosis

  Systemic sclerosis or scleroderma is a mixed connective tissue disease affecting skin, internal organs, joints and blood vessels. The main symptom of systemic sclerosis is swelling and hardening of the skin, and inflammation and scarring in many parts of the body that cause problems in organs like the heart, lungs, or kidneys, among others. The disease can occur in severe form resulting in death, or mild form in which it manifests itself only in a localized way. Thus, there are two main types of MS. The first is localized scleroderma, which affects only the skin, causing discolored areas, thick grooves or slots, and the second is systemic scleroderma which affects the skin, blood vessels and internal organs. In localized scleroderma there is a variety called linear morphea that occurs most often in children and can cause functional impairment, joint contractures, deformity and neurological manifestations. Treatment of the disease depends on the type and severity of symptoms. ...

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