Mr Christopher Anderson

Mr Christopher Anderson
Urology
South London


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Mr Christopher Anderson

Urologist in
London

MBChB FCS (Urol) SA FRCS

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Mr Christopher Anderson areas of expertise:

Professional statement

Mr Christopher Anderson is a top urologist and surgeon, and an expert in renal and prostate cancer. He has pioneered research and practice in laparoscopic techniques and robotic surgery in the UK, leading St George's Hospital to be one of the best hospitals dealing with this area of medicine.

Mr Christopher Anderson initially trained in South Africa, before continuining his training in a number of prestigious hospitals across London. He then focused on minimally invasive surgery where he completed fellowships in Ohio and Miami, USA. 

Mr Christopher Anderson is a member of the British Association of Urological Surgeons, has written innumerable papers, and led a successful peer review programme, and has been a guest speaker at numerous national conferences.

 Videos of doctor

What are the risk factors for Prostate ...

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 Credentials

GMC: ‍3378841

 Professional experience

• More than 30 years of experience
• Consultant Urologist and lead Clinician, St George's University Hospitals
• Consultant Urologist, The Princess Grace Hospital

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 Sub-specialties

• Prostate Cancer
• Robotic Surgery
• Kidney Cancer

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 Teaching posts

• Honorary Professor University of Cape Town

 Education

• Registrar in Urology, University of Cape Town (1991 - 1996)
• Undergraduate training, University of Stellenbosch South Africa MBChB (1978 – 1984)

 Prizes and awards

• Awarded British Urological Foundation scholarship on two occasions

 Professional membership

• Member of the British Association of Urological Surgeons

Languages spoken

  • English

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Verified Patient
13/08/2017

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Verified Patient
13/08/2017

Would you recommend this doctor?

  • Bedside manner
  • Friendliness of the staff
  • Wait time
  • Facilities conditions
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Diseases, Medical Tests and Treatments

Kidney cancer

Kidney cancer is a malignant tumour that involves the uncontrolled spread of cancer cells in the renal tubules. It is a disorder that affects, above a ...

Laparoscopy

What is laparoscopy? Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical technique which allows the surgeon to operate without the need for deep or large ...

Prostate biopsy

What is a prostate biopsy? A prostate biopsy is a test which is done in order to take small samples of tissue from the prostate, which are then loo ...

Prostate cancer

Prostate cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow in the prostate, the male sex gland that lies beneath the bladder, and above the rectum, and is the re ...

Robotic surgery in urology

What is robotic surgery in urology? Robotic surgery is a type of minimally invasive surgery which makes use of miniaturised surgical instruments guided by an advanced robot. It is a very advanced technique that allows the surgeon to perform surgical procedures in a very precise manner. This type of surgery is usually done under general anaesthesia. The advantages of robotic surgery over traditional open surgery are related to the fact that there are smaller, more-precise incisions, which translate into quicker recovery and less pain. Moreover, higher precision means that urinary continence and erectile function are less likely to be compromised with robotic surgery than with other surgical techniques. ​Why is it done? More and more surgical treatments are becoming amenable to robotic surgery, due to the advantages it provides for the patient and the surgeon. Robotic surgery in urology is used in the treatment of prostate cancer (prostatectomy), kidney cancer (nephrectomy), bladder cancer, genital prolapse, urethral stenosis, and other pathologies. What does it involve? Robotic surgery is performed using specialised robots, such as the well-known da Vinci robot. Surgical instruments are fixed to the arms of the da Vinci robot and are manipulated remotely by the surgeon from a workstation, i.e. he does not have to be physically present in the operating theatre. The robot reproduces the surgeon’s movements and eliminates the shakiness associated with human hands; moreover, manipulations impossible for humans, such as rotating surgical instruments 360º, are possible with the aid of a robot. The surgeon visualises the procedure on a monitor with a stereoscopic visual system with 3D vision that allows them to perceive depth. The monitor image can also be enlarged. How to prepare for it Even though robotic surgery is a minimally invasive technique, it is still possible that you may not be able to undergo a given intervention. Hence, certain medical tests as requested by your doctor and a review of your medical history are important in order to determine your health status. It is also probable, depending on the surgery to be performed, that you may have to fast for several hours before the intervention. Care following the intervention One of the main advantages of robotic surgery versus conventional open surgery is the rapid recovery. In many cases, patients are discharged on the same day as the intervention. In other cases, patients may remain hospitalised for around 24 hours. Generally speaking however, there is no particular postoperative care beyond the painkilling medication prescribed by the urologist. Alternatives to robotic surgery in urology Robotic surgery entails a sizeable investment in equipment and in specific training for surgeons. For these reasons, it is not available at all medical centres. As alternatives, urological surgical procedures may be performed using conventional open surgery or ideally using minimally invasive techniques such as endoscopy or urological laparoscopy. ...

Adult circumcision

Circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis (the fold of skin that covers the tip of the penis). It involves cutting a portion of the foreskin covering the glands, leaving it permanently exposed. In the case of adults, it is usually performed for medical reasons, primarily as a treatment for phimosis and paraphimosis although there are cases of adult circumcision carried out for religious reasons.  ...

Benign prostate enlargement

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia? Benign prostatic hyperplasia occurs when the size of the prostate gland increases due to a hormonal imbalance in men. The prostate is the male sex gland that surrounds the urethra. It is located below the bladder and above the rectum and is responsible for producing seminal fluid. Prostatic hyperplasia is a common pathology in men after the age of 50 and can affect their quality of life. Prognosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia Benign prostatic hyperplasia, or enlargement of the prostate gland, is a common pathology in men after middle age. It is not serious, nor does it increase the risk of cancer which can also affect this gland. The main problem with benign prostatic hyperplasia is that its symptomatology is bothersome for the sufferer, and can even be incapacitating. However, the prognosis of this pathology is positive with the proper treatment, although it may return over time. Each case of hyperplasia will require the necessary follow-up with the urologist. Symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia The symptoms, which appear progressively, include: Urinary incontinence Difficulty urinating Urinating more frequently Urinary urgency Dribbling after urination Need to urinate several times a night Pain when urinating Blood in the urine In severe cases, prostate hyperplasia can lead to an absolute inability to urinate, urinary tract infections or impaired kidney function. Medical tests for benign prostatic hyperplasia If one or more of the above symptoms are present, the urologist will assess the person’s medical history, study the severity of their symptoms and perform a rectal examination to check the condition of the prostate. The person may also require clinical tests such as urine tests to rule out infection, or blood tests to examine prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and to rule out prostate cancer. What causes benign prostatic hyperplasia? Although there is no known direct cause or risk factor for benign prostatic hyperplasia, it occurs when the size of the prostate gland increases due to a hormonal imbalance in the testicles: the female hormone (oestrogen) increases, while the male hormone (testosterone) decreases. Can it be prevented? Benign prostatic hyperplasia cannot be prevented, but it can be detected in its early stage through regular check-ups with a urologist. Specialists recommend annual prostate screening after the age of 50 when there is an increased risk of prostate enlargement. Treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia If symptoms are mild, the specialist may prescribe medication and recommend lifestyle changes (such as avoiding alcohol and caffeine, playing sports, and adapting urination routines). In more severe cases, surgery may be required. Operations for benign prostatic hyperplasia usually include: Transurethral resection of the prostate: This is the most common procedure, in which the prostate is removed through an endoscope inserted through the penis. Simple prostatectomy: The inside of the prostate is removed through an incision made in the abdomen. Prostate laser surgery: With this latest technique, the tissue is destroyed with a laser, making it a less invasive option. Which specialist treats it? The urologist is the specialist in charge of treating prostate hyperplasia. Due to the symptoms of urinary problems, the diagnosis may be made by an andrologist and a urologist. The urologist may also perform the surgery, although some general surgeons are also specialised in these operations.  ...

Circumcision

Circumcision is the total or partial removal of the foreskin, which is the skin that covers the tip of the penis, by a surgical procedure. It is effective to correct disorders such as phimosis (which prevents the foreskin from being pulled back to uncover the glans) and paraphimosis (most often due to an inflammation of the foreskin). Circumcision is widespread universally, and many parents prefer to perform it on new-borns, not as prescription, but for cultural reasons. It is a very simple operation, which lasts only a few minutes, and does not require general anaesthesia. The recovery of the patient is also very fast, within a few days they can go back to their normal routine. ...

Cystitis

What is cystitis? Cystitis is a urinary tract infection (commonly referred to as a UTI), and is an inflammation of the bladder. This inflammation usually occurs as a result of a bladder infection. Cystitis is more common in women than it is in men. It usually goes away in a few days, but in more complex or recurring cases, it may need long-term treatment.  What are the symptoms of cystitis? Symptoms include: A need to pee more frequently than ususal A burning/stinging sensation when peeing Cloudy urine Dark, or strong-smelling urine Pain in the lower abdomen Fatigue Feeling generally unwell In children: Vomiting Fever Feeling irritated A lack of interest in food/low appetite Feeling weak What causes cystitis? Cystitis is most frequently caused by a bacterial infection, which happens when bacteria from other areas of the body (e.g from in the bowel or on the skin) get into the bladder. Bacteria are thought to come through the urethra, which carries urine out from your body. Women have a shorter urethra, which is closer to the anus and means that they more commonly experience cystitis. Bacteria can get into the bladder in several different ways: Through sex Through insertion of a tampon By using a diaphragm Insertion of a urinary catheter Wiping back to front when going to the toilet Cystitis can also be caused by a damaged or irritated bladder. How can it be prevented? Frequent cystitis infections can be difficult to deal with, but there are some measures which can help prevent it from re-occurring or occurring frequently. Showering, rather than bathing, is recommended as well as avoiding the use of perfumed bubble bath or shower gel. Keeping good sanitary habits, and wiping the bottom from front to back are also used as preventative measures. Cotton underwear, and wearing trousers which are not too tight can help as well. Keep hydrated and drink enough water, but make sure to go to the toilet when you need to pee rather than holding it in. You should also make sure to empty your bladder after having sex. If you use a diaphragm, you may want to consider using a different method of contraception if you frequently get cystitis.   What is the treatment for cystitis? Usually, cystitis goes away on its own in mild cases and can be treated from home using self-help methods to ease symptoms. A hot water bottle, placed on the stomach or between the thighs can help to relieve pain or soothe, along with over-the-counter painkillers. Avoid sexual intercourse until the infection has passed. In some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed, especially in recurring cases of cystitis. A doctor may prescribe a longer course of antibiotics, or continuous antibiotics for a number of months as a preventative measure.  ...

Endoscopic surgery

What is endoscopic surgery? The term ‘endoscopic surgery’ encompasses various techniques, such as hysteroscopy and laparoscopy, in which an optical instrument (a tube with illumination connected to a video camera and a monitor) is introduced inside the body via the rectum or through the abdominal wall, permitting visualisation of the inside of an organ or cavity. Endoscopic surgery, as minimally invasive surgery, has represented an advance over traditional open surgery as it is a lot more reliable and precise, and is associated with less trauma and better aesthetic outcomes. It is usually done under general anaesthesia.   Why is endoscopic surgery done? Endoscopy is performed for diagnosis and observation as well as treatment and surgery. Specifically, endoscopic surgery is used in several fields of medicine: in gynaecology, endoscopic surgery, called hysteroscopy, is very common for treating uterine pathologies, such as cysts, endometriosis, myomas and also for performing tubal ligation, studying infertility, or hysterectomy (removal of the uterus). However, these pathologies are also frequently treated using laparoscopy, which differs in that the surgery is performed via a small incision made in the abdominal wall. It is also used in other fields, such as otorhinolaryngology, in which sinonasal endoscopic surgery is very common for treating lesions or problems of the nose that impair normal breathing, affect the sense of smell or cause face or head pain. Also, in general and gastrointestinal surgery endoscopy or laparoscopy may be used in surgery for obesity. Endoscopy may also be performed in emergency situations, for example in neurosurgery to treat brain haemorrhage or a cerebrovascular accident (stroke).   What does it involve? During endoscopic surgery an endoscope, which is an optical instrument in the form of a tube with a light source and a video camera at its tip, is introduced inside the body via the rectum or through an incision, thereby allowing the surgeon to observe the organ or area to be treated on a monitor. Furthermore, different tools for performing surgery can be introduced via the endoscope.   How to prepare for it Before surgery, you will have to tell your physician about your health and any medications you are taking. Your medical history will be reviewed and various tests performed to determine whether you are fit to undergo the operation. Generally, these diagnostic tests will include clinical analyses; however, depending on the surgery and your characteristics, the specialist may require further specific tests. Given that endoscopic surgery is performed under general anaesthesia, patients are usually asked to fast for 8 hours before the intervention.   Care following the intervention The main advantage of endoscopic surgery versus other surgical techniques is that it’s of a less invasive nature, which permits a faster recovery. So, you will remain in the hospital for only a few hours, sometimes being discharged on the same day as the intervention. Generally, you can resume work 48-72 hours after the intervention. Postoperative discomfort is also less, so absolute rest is not required and you can pursue your life as normal.   Alternatives to endoscopic surgery The alternative to endoscopic surgery is conventional open surgery, which is associated with a higher risk of complications, a longer and more complicated recovery period, and large, more-visible scars. Robotic surgery refers to minimally invasive techniques performed by the surgeon with the aid of a high-precision robotic system which permits better visualisation of the area to treat and surgical manipulations impossible to achieve without the aid of a robotic system. ...

Endoscopy

What is it? Endoscopy is the use of cameras to relay images from inside the body.  The device used, known as an endoscope, is a long thin flexible tube with a camera at one end and a light source. What does it involve? Endoscopes are inserted in to the body via a natural opening such as the mouth or the anus. There are different types of endoscopy depending on the site and function of the procedure – if the bowel is to be investigated for example, it is referred to as a colonoscopy. If the airways are to be examined, the procedure is referred to as a bronchoscopy. Endoscopy can also be used for surgery, as in the case of laparoscopic surgery – in this situation the laparoscope (a specific type of endoscope) is inserted through small incisions. Once inserted, the endoscope is able to send images from the inside of the subject’s body back to a TV screen. What is it for? Endoscopy is most commonly used to investigate symptoms and help to diagnose conditions relating to the digestive system, although it can be deployed to produce images and aid with many other parts of the body, including the respiratory system, the urinary tract and the female reproductive system. An endoscope can also be used to assist with surgery. An endoscopy is commonly used to investigate symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, unexplained weight loss, diarrhoea, blood in the stool or vomiting blood. How can you prepare for it? You may be required to avoid food and liquids for a period beforehand, depending on what type of endoscopy you are undergoing. In the case of a colonoscopy, you might be given laxatives to help you evacuate any stool beforehand. You may also be required to stop taking certain medication such as blood thinners to prevent excess bleeding from the procedure. What does it feel like during the procedure? The procedure usually only causes mild discomfort although a local anaesthetic is also sometimes used. It is normally performed with the patient conscious, although sedatives can be deployed to help you relax. Antibiotics are sometimes used to reduce risk of infection. What would a “bad” result mean? An endoscopy can be used to diagnose a wide range of conditions and the results are interpreted by a specialist.  Whether the results are good or bad clearly depends on what symptoms are being investigated and on which part of the body the endoscopy is being performed. ...

Erectile dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction is the difficulty or inability to achieve or maintain a penile erection that will result in a successful sexual intercourse. It is also known as impotence, but this term is not used in the medical field anymore. It affects many men and increases with age, but to consider it an alteration, it is necessary that it happens persistently. The most common causes of erectile dysfunction can be both physical and psychological, or a combination of both. They can be of vascular type: men with high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes or who have been treated with radiotherapy. Neurological disorders (Alzheimer’s, for example) and hormonal (by utilising medication) in a lesser extent. There may also be effective causes: patients with severe depression or anxiety often have erectile dysfunction. The treatments besides medication, usually include changes in lifestyle, such as quitting smoking and exercising regularly. ...

Lichen sclerosus

What is it? Lichen sclerosus is a rare autoimmune inflammatory disease, also known as Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. It is a skin and mucosae condition which affects particularly the tissue of the genital area in males and females. What are the symptoms? Lichen sclerosus is an inflammation which can affect both men and women, but it’s most common in women over 50. The condition affects women mostly in the genital area; however, it may also affect the arms, legs, and tongue. In women, the most common symptoms include: itching a burning sensation; dyspareunia (painful sexual intercourse) vaginal dryness local skin irritation white spots or patches appearing on the skin anal fissures labia minora shrinking or flattening For men, lichen sclerosus mainly affects the tip of the penis. The most common symptoms include: bright, whitish or brownish patches bruises microlesions itching pain dyspareunia (painful sexual intercourse) urethritis urethral stricture phimosis In children, the most common symptoms include: girls: itching and burning sensation of the vulva and perineum area; boys: general irritation of the genital area. How is it diagnosed? Lichen sclerosus is generally diagnosed by analysing under a microscope a small tissue sample taken from the affected area. What causes it? The cause of lichen sclerosus is unknown, but there are some possibilities: overactive immune system hormone imbalance genetic factors poor skin health, or having had any previous injury on your skin How is it treated? The main treatment for lichen sclerosis is a topical steroid cream. This usually has to be applied for a few months and can help to control the symptoms. In rare cases where steroid cream does not work, there are other medicines that can reduce inflammation. For a small number of patients, minor surgery such as removal of the foreskin, or surgery to widen the vagina, may be recommended. ...

Nephrectomy (kidney removal)

Kidney removal surgery or nephrectomy is the procedure to remove all or part of a kidney. This surgery is done in the hospital under general anaesthesia and is pain-free. The procedure can take 3 hours or more. ...

Peyronie

What is Peyronie’s disease? Peyronie’s disease, also known as penile fibrosis, is a condition that involves the formation of fibrous scar tissue on the surface of the penis, which ends up causing loss of elasticity of the penis and, as a consequence, Peyronie's disease. Although it is more common in men from the age of 50, it can appear at any age, causing pain and making sexual intercourse impossible in many cases. There are three stages that can be distinguished in the course of the disease: Acute stage: it is the first to appear, which is characterised by a strong inflammation that causes intense pain and a palpable nodule, as well as a tendency of the penis to curve during an erection. Subacute stage: inflammation is less intense, but scarring intensifies and this can manifest itself as a noticeable curve of the penis. Chronic stage: curvatureof the penis can become chronic. Prognosis: When scars develops on the tissues of the penis, it causes pain and discomfort, as well as curvature or deformation, which can make sexual intercourse impossible or cause erectile dysfunction. It is not life-threatening or a medical emergency, but it can significantly affect the patient's quality of life and the patient’s ability to father a child due to the difficulty of having intercourse. Symptoms of Peyronie’s disease: The main symptoms of Peyronie’s are: Pain either without or during an erection Curvature or deformation in the penis Loss of elasticity and rigidity Scar tissue Erectile dysfunction How is Peyronie’s diagnosed? To diagnose Peyronie’s disease, a physical examination will first be performed, checking for scar tissue, inflammation, curvature and the length of the penis. Once an examination has been done and a full medical history taken, an ultrasound may also be carried out to check the nature of the scar tissue and the blood flow to the penis. What causes Peyronie’s disease? The exact cause of this disease are unknown, but it is thought that repeated injury to the penis can be a significant factor in the formation of this disease. Injury could occur from sex, accidents or sports activities. However, many who suffer from this condition do not recall specific injuries at all to their penis. There are certain risk factors associated with Peyronie’s, including: Genetic factors: if a male family member has this condition, there is an increased chance of developing it as well. Age: it is more common in men over the age of 50. Treatment for Peyronie’s disease: If symptoms become problematic (e.g. pain and erectile problems), medication or surgery might be recommended. Medications may aim to reduce the amount of collagen produced, reducing the scar tissue formation and curvature of the penis. Surgery may involve straightening the penis, removing the fibrous scar tissue, or using penile implants to replace the tissue that fills with blood during an erection. What specialist treats Peyronie’s? Urologists would treat Peyronie’s disease. ...

Phimosis

What is phimosis? Phimosis is a condition that inhibits the foreskin from being able to be pulled over the head of the penis (the glans) because the skin of the foreskin is too tight. It can be congenital (primary) or acquired (secondary). Having a tight foreskin is normal for baby boys who are not circumcised, but this normally stops being a problem by the age of 3. If phimosis is acquired, it happens as a result of scarring. What are the symptoms of phimosis? The main symptom of phimosis is the narrowness of the foreskin and difficulty in retracting it. Another associated symptom, although less frequent, is pain during urination, or swelling of the foreskin when urinating. If the phimosis is not treated, complications such as infection in the glans or paraphimosis can appear. Paraphimosis is when the foreskin gets stuck behind the head of the penis, which can result in circulation being cut off, and as such, it should be treated as an emergency. Additionally, if the glans becomes sore and inflamed, it is likely that the patient is suffering from balanitis (inflammation of the head of the penis). What causes phimosis? Congenital phimosis is naturally occurring, but it is not clear why some boys have this but not others. On the contrary, acquired phimosis can be caused due to repeated infections or tears. It can occur, for example, when the skin is violently and prematurely pulled back on babies. Also, when the foreskin or glans become inflamed and scars, the scar tissue contracts and hardens slightly, which causes phimosis. In addition, conditions can increase your risk of developing balanitis, such as diabetes. Can it be prevented? There is no way to prevent phimosis of congenital origin, but in other cases it is possible to prevent it by practising good penis hygiene (i.e. gently washing it with warm water using mild or non-perfumed soap, taking care to gently pull the foreskin back and wash underneath it). It can also help to do daily, gentle retraction of the foreskin, to help loosen the skin. What is the treatment for phimosis? Phimosis is common in children under 10 years old and, therefore, in those cases no treatment is required. If phimosis is causing complications, such as balanitis, antibiotics may be necessary to overcome the infection. Along with gentle daily retraction of the foreskin, topical steroid cream can help to soften the foreskin, making retraction easier. In more severe cases, circumcision may be recommended, which removes the foreskin. ...

Premature ejaculation

Early or premature ejaculation is a dysfunction, the premature expulsion of semen during intercourse. It occurs when there has been very little sexual stimulation or when the person cannot keep control to maintain vaginal penetration for the desired time. It is relatively common and the causes are usually psychological, rather than physical: such as stress, depression, lack of confidence with a sexual partner, nervousness, excessive excitement, etc. Physical causes may originate in a low amount of serotonin. In this case, drugs that regulate the production of this substance in the brain are used. But usually the treatment involves psychological therapy. ...

Prostatitis

Prostatitis is the inflammation of the prostate, a male gland below the bladder that helps in the production of semen. It is one of the most common disorders of the male genitourinary system, caused, in most cases, by bacterial infection, either chronic or acute. Other inflammatory conditions of the prostate may be chronic nonbacterial prostatitis (producing perineal or pelvic pain) and asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis (the symptoms are not obvious). The most common symptoms that can lead us to think that there is an inflammation of the prostate are associated with urinary disorders. When the cause is an infection, it is treated with antibiotics for several weeks to remove bacteria from the prostate. ...

Short frenulum

What is a short frenulum? The frenulum of the penis is the elastic fold of the skin that joins the underside of the glans (head of the penis) with the inner surface of the foreskin. Its function is to help the foreskin to contract over the glans. A short frenulum (also known as frenulum breve) is when the frenulum of the penis is so short that it restricts the movement that the foreskin can make – the frenulum should be long enough to allow the foreskin to restract smoothly, but a short frenulum often makes this impossible. This causes discomfort during sexual intercouse. The short frenulum makes it difficult and even restrains pleasurable sexual intercourse. Prognosis The main problem with short frenulum is the discomfort it causes, as well as problems during sexual intercouse. Also, it can make maintaining hygiene difficult, as it can make it difficult to clean under the foreskin, increasing the risk of infections. One possible consequence of having a short frenulum is that it can tear, usually during sexual activity. This can be painful and may bleed, but is not a medical emergency. A torn frenulum may solve the problem if it heals in such a way that the frenulum is longer, but if scar tissue forms if becomes even less flexible and the problem worsens. If a short frenulum is impairing your ability to have sex or causing other serious issues, it requires treatment.   Symptoms of short frenulum The main symptom is difficulty pulling back the foreskin, as well as pain and tension in the penis. This pain increases during sexual intercourse and can tear and cause bleeding because of the concentration of blood in the area.   Medical tests for short frenulum A short frenulum is often misdiagnosed as phimosis (where the foreskin is too tight to be pulled back), due to the common major symptom of being unable to retract the foreskin, but it is not the same disease. The doctor should perform a physical examination to assess the problem and the degree of it.   Treatments for short frenulum There are different methods to treat a short frenulum depending on its severity. In some cases, steroid creams and stretching exercises can be enough to sufficiently elongate the frenulum. In many cases, however, surgery is the only real solution. There are several surgical techniques that may be used, including reparative plastic surgery (fenuloplasty), the resection of the frenulum (frenectomy) or circumcision.   Which specialist treats short frenulum? Urologists specialise in treating all conditions of the genitalia. Within this field, andrologists specifically deal with male sexual and reproductive issues. ...

Testicular cancers

  Testicular cancer occurs when cancer cells in the testes, which are oval glands that produce sperm and the hormone testosterone in men between 15 and 35 are formed. It can occur in one or both testicles, and is more common in young men and those who had an abnormal testicular development and undescended testicle at birth, or if there are genetic background. Symptoms of testicular tumors are: a lump in the testicles or groin, pain and tenderness in the breast area. The main causes of the appearance of testicular cancer are genetic, because the testicle has not moved properly from the abdomen into the scrotum during their training. Furthermore, it also occurs in patients who have been subject to aggressive or toxic for long periods because of their work substances. This type of cancer has a cure statistics more than 90% if it is found early and treated by chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery. Testicular cancer occurs when cancer cells form in the testes. Symptoms of testicular tumors are: a lump in the testicles or groin, and pain and tenderness. The main causes of the appearance of testicular cancer are genetic, because the testicle has not moved properly from the abdomen into the scrotum during their development. If found early, testicular cancer can be treated with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery.    ...

Urethral stricture

What is it? A urethral stricture consists in a narrowing of part of the urethra, the tube that carries urine outside the body from the bladder. Both men and women have a urethra. An obstruction of that tube can affect your ability to pass urine. What are the symptoms? Symptoms vary substantially based on the severity of the stricture itself. With a mild stricture you may experience minor symptoms such as pain when urinating and general discomfort. In more severe cases, you may experience inability to control urination, urinary tract infections, presence of blood in the urine, weak urine flow and a feeling of incomplete bladder emptying after urination. What causes urethral stricture? The most frequent cause of urethral stricture is trauma in the bladder area, caused by falls, accidents, or after surgery. Your cells will try to repair the damage caused by the trauma by producing scar tissue, which in some cases grows to the point of obstructing part of the urethra. Other common reasons behind scar tissue overgrowth are infections caused by sexually transmitted infections, catheter overuse or an inflammation of the prostate. Rarer causes of urethral stricture include congenital anomalies or urethral cancer. What tests can you take? You may need to take a number of tests in order to get an accurate diagnosis. The first step is an appointment with the GP to study your medical history in order to pinpoint any possible trauma at some point. Following this, the doctor may recommend a uroflowmetry test in order to measure the amount of urine voided during urination. Further tests such as a urine culture test or urethral swab can detect anomalies in the urethra. While the urine culture test detects the presence of bacteria in the urine, a urethral swab can find bacteria nested in the lower urinary tract, which can cause infections. Radiological exams such as an ultrasound, a retrograde urethrogram and a cystourethography are all effective at detecting where exactly there may be build-up of scar tissue in the urethra. What is the treatment? At the moment, the only available treatments are antibiotics-based therapies or, in severe cases, surgery. The most common types of surgery are: Urethral dilation: it may be necessary to repeat this procedure from time to time; during the surgery, the urethra is dilated gradually by using a catheter. Urethral surgery: elimination of excessive scar tissue by making small incisions. Urethrotomy: this procedure involves cutting the obstruction and temporarily placing a catheter. Urethral stent: an endoscopic procedure consisting in the insertion of a small stent structure, which restores the obstructed urethral tract to its original size and shape. ...

Uroflowmetry

What is it? A uroflowmetry is a non-invasive test that measures the total volume of urine released from the body, the speed at which it is released (millilitres per second) and how long the release takes. What does it involve? This test involves passing urine in a machine which looks like a regular toilet. The machine is equipped with a measuring device which can analyse and measure how much urine is being passed during a set amount of time. The machine then generates a report with some graphs. What is it for? A uroflowmetry test is sometimes recommended if you have trouble passing urine or if you show any signs of any urinary condition, such as incomplete bladder emptying after urination, urinary incontinence, or leaking after urination. The most common causes for urinary conditions are: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) - urethritis, prostatitis, cystitis, vaginitis Kidney stones Urethral stricture Benign prostate enlargement (BPE) Bladder neck dysfunction Urinary tract tumour How can I prepare for it? It is important that you drink about a litre of water and that you do not pass urine before the test. ...

Urogenital injuries

What are urogenital traumas? A trauma is an injury caused to an organ or tissue due to external actions or causes. Urogenital injuries refer to injuries caused in the genital and/or urinary tract. In this case, the organ that is most commonly damaged is the kidney, followed by the bladder, the urethra, the testicles and the ureters. There are two types of urogenital traumas. On the one hand, there are also the so called closed traumas, which are the most common ones, and include traumas caused by falls from heights, traffic accidents, sports injuries and direct blows to the external genitalia. On the other hand, penetrating traumas are mainly caused by stabbing or gunshots and by abdominal surgery. Prognosis of the disease Most urogenital traumas do not represent an immediate threat to life, but if left untreated they can cause high morbidity over time. The main problem with these injuries is that as they are internal and often do not show external signs, they are not diagnosed properly at the time of the trauma, and they develop health problems, such as haemorrhages, abscesses, pyelonephritis, stones or hypertension, among others. Symptoms of urogenital trauma The symptoms of urogenital trauma can vary depending on the affected organs and tissues, but some of the most common symptoms are: Flank pain or in the abdomen Bleeding when  urinating Abdominal distension Nausea and vomiting Medical tests for urogenital traumas When a patient is admitted to the emergency department due to an accident, fall or severe damage, an emergency valuation of their health status is made, identifying those pathologies that represent an urgent risk to their health. As this valuation continues, the diagnosis of urogenital traumas can be addressed. Scaning tests are the most effective for detecting urogenital traumas, since it is usually necessary to explore the internal structures of the organism. Therefore, the most common tests used are the abdominal CT scan, pyelography, ultrasound examination and arteriography. The choice of diagnostic tests will also depend on the symptomatology and the organs and tissues that may be affected. What are the causes of urogenital traumas? Most urogenital injuries are caused in traffic accidents, which represent approximately half of non penetrating urogenital traumas, followed by accidents in the workplace and sports injuries. The least frequent ones are the so called penetrating urogenital traumas, which are caused by stabbing or abdominal surgeries, but represent a very small percentage. Can urogenital traumas be prevented? The only way to prevent urogenital traumas is to avoid the cause, and therefore avoid accidents, falls and strong blows. Taking precautions such as wearing a seatbelt when driving may help avoid trauma, or using protective sports gear when practising contact sports. Treatments for urogenital traumas The treatment will be considered depending on the affected organs and tissues, some of the most common are: Renal trauma: in many cases it can be resolved by a conservative treatment,  such as  taking absolute rest, a bladder catheter to drain the hematuria and anitbiotics or other drugs. In severe cases surgery may be necessary, such as the reconstruction of the kidney or part of it. Urethral trauma: in cases where it affects or there is damage of the urethra, it should be treated as soon as possible. Usually, surgery will be necessary, although in cases that are not too severe, it can be resolved with the implantation of a catheter. What specialist treats urogenital traumas? A urologist is usually the specialist who treats urogenital traumas. ...

Varicocele

What is a varicocele? A varicocele is formed by a varicose vein (an unusually swollen vein) or a group of varicose veins, located in the scrotum or in the spermatic cord. Varicoceles usually develop during puberty, growing larger and more noticeable with time. They occur most often on the left side of the scrotum, and although not usually harmful, in some people it can cause pain in the testicles, cause one testicle to grow slower than the other, and/or affect the patient’s fertility. There is also a female varicocele, which involves an enlargement of the ovarian veins and causes pelvic varicose veins. Varicocele can cause severe pain that becomes worse throughout the day. Prognosis of the disease Varicocele is not a serious disease, but it is a common cause of low sperm production and therefore can cause infertility. In some cases the varicocele can cause the testicles to shrink (atrophy) and not develop normally.   Symptoms of a varicocele Usually a varicocele is asymptomatic, but in some cases it can cause pain that varies from mild discomfort to acute pain. This pain may increase throughout the day. It may also be exacerbated by standing up or upon physical exertion. Over the years, the varicocele grows and becomes more evident. The testicle may appear swollen. Varicoceles are also known to cause infertility in some patients, making it more difficult to father a child.                                                Medical tests for varicocele The diagnosis of a varicocele is made by an urologist or andrologist, who carries out a physical examination in search of a firm lump in the testicle, a characteristic of a varicocele. If the examination is inconclusive, a scrotal ultrasound may be required.   What are the causes of a varicocele? A varicocele is the enlargement of a vein within the spermatic cord (which contains the vas deferens and blood vessels that provide the testicles with their blood supply). There are several theories as to why this happens, but the cause is uncertain.   Treatments for a varicocele In many cases a varicocele does not need treatment as long as it does not cause symptoms or affect fertility. If a testicular varicocele produces symptoms of pain and/or causes infertility, there are surgical options. The varicocele can be removed via a varicocelectomy, which involves removing the affected veins and redirecting blood flow through healthy veins. It is done on an outpatient basis and under general anesthesia, being able to return to your regular daily activities a few days later. The pain should subside within a few days or weeks. An alternative to surgery is percutaneous embolisation of the varicocele, where a much smaller incision is performed and involves placing a catheter inside the vein.   Which specialist treats a varicocele? Urologists specialise in treating the urinary system and male reproductive system, while andrologists are further specialised in the diagnosis and treatment of the pathologies of the male sex organs, including the testicles. In cases of varicocele in puberty, it is possible that a paediatrician notices the presence of a varicocele, since in many cases it develops at this point in the patient’s life. ...

Vasectomy

Vasectomy is the total or partial removal of the man's vas deferens, which are the tubes that carry the sperm out of the testicles. What it does is obstruct the sperm canal, and therefore prevent sperm from coming out of the testicles. That is why it is an effective method for birth control, since women cannot get pregnant, but it is not recommended in the short term, because for a time there is still sperm stored. It is a simple ambulatory surgical procedure, in most cases, and local anaesthesia is used. Recovery takes less than a week. After a vasectomy, the man can continue to have orgasms or ejaculate semen. ...

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Source: All information contained on this page as well as office hours available, are provided directly by the doctor who has the ability to update them at all times in order to keep the information as accurate as possible.
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