Dr Ben Esdaile

Dr Ben Esdaile
Dermatology
North London


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Dr Ben Esdaile

Dermatologist in
London

BSc (hons) MBBS MRCP (Derm)

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Dr Ben Esdaile areas of expertise:

Professional statement

Dr Ben Esdaile is a prominent London dermatologist specialising in both adult and paediatric dermatology. He has a particular interest in the early diagnosis and surgery of skin cancer and lectures both nationally and internationally on dermoscopy (a tool used to detect skin cancer). He also has a special interest in psoriasis, eczema, acne and rosacea.

Dr Esdaile undertook his medical training at Imperial College London and qualified with distinction in Medicine and Surgery. He pursued and completed his specialist training in dermatology in Oxford. He has a full-time NHS Consultant post at the Whittington Hospital in North London and is involved in both undergraduate and postgraduate teaching.

He has published in multiple peer-review journals and has won an NHS clinical excellence award. He also works privately at the Highgate Hospital and Chase Lodge Hospital.

 Doctor's articles

sun-beach
Keeping an eye on your moles – detect...

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 Credentials

GMC: ‍6076365

 Professional experience

• More than 15 years of experience
• Consultant Dermatologist, Chase Lodge Hospital (present)
• Consultant Dermatologist, Highgate Hospital (present)
• Consultant Dermatologist, Whittington Hospital (2014 - present)

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 Sub-specialties

• Acne
• Skin cancer
• General dermatology
• Paediatric dermatology
• Hair and nail disorders
• Skin surgery
• Dermoscopy
• Angioma
• Atopic dermatitis
• Autoimmune diseases
• Cellulitis
• Dandruff and seborrhea
• Dark circles
• Dermatitis
• Dermoscopy
• Eczema
• Foot fungus
• Haemangioma
• Herpes
• Hirsutism
• Human papillomavirus (HPV)
• Hyperhidrosis
• Keloid scars
• Lichen sclerosus
• Lupus
• Lymphomas
• Melanoma
• Melasma
• Mesotherapy
• Moles
• Molluscum contagiosum
• Nail diseases
• Onychomycosis
• Paediatric dermatology
• Pemphigus
• Photodynamic therapy
• Pruritis
• Psoriasis
• Rash
• Rosacea
• Scar
• Seborrheic dermatitis
• Shingles (herpes zoster)
• Skin allergies
• Skin cancer
• Skin fungus
• Skin infections
• Solar urticaria
• Sun allergy
• Trichology
• Vitiligo
• Warts
• Alopecia

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 Positions in public associations

• Member of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) (2006 - present)

 Teaching posts

• Involved in both undergraduate teaching of medical students from UCL and postgraduate teaching at the Whittington Health NHS Trust.

 Education

• Royal College of Physicians, Dermatology Specialty Certificate Examination (2010)
• Diploma of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (DRCOG) (2008)
• Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS), Distinction in Medicine and Surgery (2003)
• Kings College London, BSc 1:1 (hons) Biochemistry (1998)

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 Publications and conferences

• Published a number of articles in medical journals.
• Author of several book chapters.

 Prizes and awards

• Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust - Annual Staff Recognition Awards 2013 Winner in the Excellence Category (2013)

 Professional membership

• Member of Royal College of Physicians
• Member of British Association of Dermatologists
• Member of Royal Society of Medicine
• Member of British Medical Association
• Member of British Society of Dermatological Surgery
• Member of British Society for Medical Dermatology
• Member of the International Dermoscopy Society
• Member of British Hair and Nail Society

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Languages spoken

  • English

Patient reviews for Dr. Ben Esdaile

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Patient reviews

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19/06/2017

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10/04/2017

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Diseases, Medical Tests and Treatments

Acne

What is acne? Acne, otherwise known as acne vulgaris is a very common skin condition, usually featuring blackhead and whitehead spots, which happe ...

Dermoscopy

What is dermoscopy? Dermoscopy, which is also known as dermatoscopy, is a skin examination technique that uses a dermatoscope. A dermatoscope has a ...

Eczema

What is eczema? Eczema, also known as dermatitis, encompasses a set of skin conditions that usually cause a rash and inflammation. In most case ...

Nail diseases

What are nail diseases? Your nails can be an indicator of your general state of health, signalling problems and issues through discolouration and o ...

Paediatric dermatology

Paediatric dermatology is a specialty of this area of medicine that is based on the study, prevention and treatment of the health and the constitution of the skin of children. Through infancy, there are some diseases typical of this stage that may appear, and those illnesses that are typical in adults affect children and adolescents differently. Among the most frequent conditions in children are dermatitis (seborrheic, atopic or nappy rash), infections (warts, impetus), genetic diseases, acne, angiomas, or vascular lesions, among many others. In addition, since children's skin is different, it requires specialised care and treatment. ...

Skin cancer

What is skin cancer? Skin cancer is one of the most commonly occuring types of cancer. There are certain types of skin cancer. There are non-melanoma skin cancers which are a group of cancers that are slow-growing and develop on the upper layers of the skin. Basel cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer and start in the cells of the lower epidermis. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for around 20% of skin cancers and starts in the upper layers of the epidermis.  Melanoma skin cancer is more serious and can spread to other parts of the body.  What are the symptoms of skin cancer? Basal cell carcinoma: smooth and pearly may be firm and red  may sometimes bleed or develop a scab never completely heal  itchy Squamous cell carcinoma: tender to the touch sometimes bleed can have a hard cap the skin surrounding the mole is raised Melanomas will usually start with a change to normal skin or can develop on a mole already present. You can use the ABCDE mole checklist to help determine if a mole has become a melanoma. A – Assymetrical moles B – Border of a mole is blurred C – Colour of a mole varies D – Diameter of the mole is irregular and larger than 7mm E – Evolving (melanomas will often change over time) What causes skin cancer? Non-melanoma skin cancers are caused by too much exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, which comes from the sun, as well as tanning beds. There are also a number of risk factors that can increase the chances of non-melanoma developing: family history of skin cancer pale skin that burns easily people with lots of moles and freckles medication of a medical condition that suppresses the immune system previous non-melanoma skin cancer Melanoma is caused by exposure to UV light from the sun or tanning beds. Melanomas are caused by very intense exposure to UV light, such as bad sunburn on holiday. The following risk factors increase your chances of developing melanoma: pale skin blonde or red hair family history of melanoma people with lots of moles and freckles How can skin cancer be prevented? It is possible to reduce your chances of developing skin cancer by reducing exposure to sunlight and avoiding sunburn. You can do this by avoiding tanning beds, covering up outdoors and wearing high SPF sunscreen. You can also avoid the sun during the hottest part of the day. It is also important to check your skin regularly and notice any changes as early diagnosis increased the chances of treatment. What is the treatment for skin cancer? Non-melanoma skin cancer can be treated firstly by surgically removing the cancerous tumour and surrounding skin. Non-melanoma skin cancer can also be removed to using cryotherapy (freezing). They can also be treated with radiotherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Treatment option depends on the size of the skin cancer, the type and the location. Non-melanoma skin cancers are often treated successfully as the risk of the cancer spreading to other parts of the body is much lower than with melanomas. Melanoma skin cancer is treated surgically most of the time, however, treatment depends on the circumstances of your diagnosis. Early detection and treatment can successfully treat melanoma. Advanced melanoma treatment aims to slow down the spread of the cancer and improve the symptoms. Melanoma can return once treated, so regular check-ups are essential. ...

Acne scars

Acne marks or acne scars can be removed using different methods depending on the skin type and the type of mark on the skin. Given the high occurence of acne on the most visible part of the body, the face, it is important to choose the best treatment that avoids leaving scars behind. There are different types of acne scars, including pigmented scars and rolling scars. The former is characterised by a pink or brown colouring remaining on the skin once the spot disappears. This is due to the concentration of pigment on the spot when it is healing. Rolling scars, on the other hand, are broad depressions with sloping edges. Those with fair skin are more likely to have them. The techniques used to remove acne scars include different types of peels, dermabrasion, CO2 laser or fractioned laser. ...

Alopecia

What is alopecia? Alopecia is the medical term for hair loss. It is an umbrella term which includes many different types which each have their own causes and treatments. Types of alopecia include male and female pattern baldness, scarring alopecia, alopecia areata, anagen effluvium, telogen effluvium, alopecia totalis, alopecia universalis, alopecia barbae, androgenetic alopecia and traction alopecia. Male pattern baldness is the most common form of alopecia; it affects around half of all men by the age of fifty, though many will have experienced hair loss to some extent by their early thirties. What causes alopecia? It generally starts with the hairline receding, followed by the thinning of the hair on the crown and temples. Alopecia is often hereditary. Female pattern baldness can also occur, though it is not as common and, in general, hair only thins on top of the head. There are numerous other causes of hair loss including problems with the immune system (such as hyperthyroidism and diabetes), skin conditions which can destroy hair follicles (such as lupus), chemotherapy and radiotherapy, hormonal changes, emotional stress, intense physical stress (such as childbirth), changes in diet and long-term illnesses (such as cancer). The position and the extent of hair loss also varies greatly and will depend on the type of alopecia and its cause. It may affect only the scalp, or the entire body. Hair may grow back after a short period of time, or it may never. How is it treated? Hair loss doesn’t necessarily need treating as it does not pose a health risk. However, it can cause distress and it can be difficult to come to terms with as it is considered to be an important part of overall identity. People may be unhappy with their physical appearance which can sometimes lead to depression. There are a number of tests which are used to diagnose alopecia including a scalp biopsy, the pluck test, the pull test and trichoscopy. In some cases, those affected may choose to wear a wig as a day-to-day solution. Other solutions will depend on the type of alopecia the patient has.  Minoxidil or finasteride can be used to treat male pattern baldness, alopecia aleata is usually treated using steroids, and there are surgical options such as hair transplants and hair implants. Therapy and support may also be key in providing those affected with long-term coping strategies. Some people embrace their baldness by shaving off their remaining hair. What type of specialist treats alopecia? Generally, the specialist who treats alopecia is a dermatologist. However, if surgery is the decided course of treatment, a specialist hair transplant surgeon or plastic surgeon would be consulted.  ...

Angioma

What are angiomas? Angiomas are tumours which are non-cancerous (benign), made up of small blood vessels. They appear on the surface of the skin and can be located on any part of the body. There are different types of angioma including cherry angioma, spider angioma, and angiokeratomas. These tumours are harmless but patients may wish to have them removed for aesthetic reasons. What are the symptoms of angioma? Angioma can occur on any part of the body, and they look different depending on the type. Cherry angioma: Usually purple, blue, black, or red coloured Are on top of the skin as a growth Come in single form or in clusters Can grow to ¼ of an inch in size If struck, they bleed considerably Spider angioma: Are more common in childhood and pregnancy Can be frequently food on the neck, face, arms, fingers, and back of hands Are below the surface of the skin and have a single red spot with extensions coming from it (thus the name ‘spider angioma’) Angiokeratoma Creates small marks on the skin which are red and blue Often look like warts Feel hard and do not fade when compressed What causes angiomas? The exact cause is unknown, but certain people may be more likely to get them because of genetic disposition. They are often connected with age, and they are also linked to chemical exposure, particular medical conditions, and some arise in pregnancy. Cherry angiomas are associated with ageing, and seem to appear more in individuals over 30, becoming more common in older age. How are angiomas treated? Because angiomas are benign, treatment isn’t particularly necessary, but some people do choose to have angiomas removed for cosmetic reasons. If the angioma is in a position which causes it to bleed frequently because it is knocked, this means it may need to be removed. There are several treatment options for angiomas, including freezing the lesion, burning the angioma, having laser surgery performed, or having the angioma removed through excision. In some cases surgery may be an option to cut out the angioma. Depending on the size of the angioma you may need more than one treatment session. Surgery or treatment can leave behind bruising or scarring, but this clears up after a while. How can angiomas be prevented? The cause of angiomas is not known, so prevention is not really considered. Angiomas are also not cancerous, so they are nothing to worry about if you do develop one. You may decide to have them removed, but this is easily achieved and a dermatologist or expert in aesthetic medicine can easily advise the best course of treatment.  ...

Atopic dermatitis

What is atopic dermatitis? Atopic dermatitis (or atopic eczema) is a chronic inflammation of the skin that results in an itchy rash. It is more common in children than adults. This condition is “atopic” because it does not affect a specific area; it can affect several different areas of the body and is not necessarily where the skin is in direct contact with an allergen. Prognosis: Atopic dermatitis is a long-term condition. There is no decisive cure as of yet, however, with adequate treatment, the symptoms can be controlled. In some cases, the condition goes away on its own during puberty. If the condition becomes chronic - that is, you still suffer from it when you are an adult, its symptoms may become more severe with time. What are the symptoms of atopic dermatitis? When atopic dermatitis starts showing its first symptoms, a child may have: Dry skin; Erythema, blisters, crusting and eczema on the skin. If the condition becomes chronic in adults, the symptoms will be more severe and you may also suffer from: Hyperkeratosis (thickening of the skin); Papules on the skin; Intense itching; Anal fissures, sometimes with blood; Increased sensitivity to skin infections. How is it diagnosed? A dermatologist will analyse your rashes with: A physical examination; A patch test (some allergens are placed on your skin to see if there is a reaction to them); Biopsy (in rarer cases, this is done to exclude other potential, more severe conditions related to atopic dermatitis); Allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) test; Skin-prick testing; Screening tests for breathing problems, such as asthma, rhinitis and rhino-conjunctivitis, which may lead to developing atopic dermatitis. What causes atopic dermatitis? Atopic dermatitis is a multi-causal disease, that is, a condition caused by several concurrent factors. The most common causes include: Genetic predisposition; An anomaly in the activity of the enzymes that make the natural hydro-lipid film which protects the skin; Stress; Exposure to allergens or irritants; Sweating. How can atopic dermatitis be prevented? It is rather hard to prevent atopic dermatitis. However, you can prevent it from becoming chronic in children and you can take a number of steps to reduce its symptoms (however severe it may be and regardless of your age): Choose delicate products for washing and taking care of your skin; Wear loose clothes, made of cotton, linen or other natural fibres; Be very careful when choosing cosmetics and make-up, making sure they are allergen- and fragrance-free. How is atopic dermatitis treated? Your dermatologist may prescribe: Topical corticosteroids; Emollient creams or ointments, which can help with ongoing rashes; Antihistamines, antibiotics or antiviral medications; Phototherapy (if it could help you); As we have mentioned, many of these treatments will help in reducing the symptoms, however, adults with chronic atopic dermatitis will probably never cure it completely. Which doctor should I talk to? To diagnose and treat this condition, you will need to see a dermatologist. ...

Autoimmune diseases

What are autoimmune diseases? Autoimmune diseases are a group of conditions where healthy cells in the body are mistakenly attacked by the immune system. There are more than 80 different types of autoimmune disease. This makes diagnosis difficult. The most common autoimmune diseases are: Inflammatory bowel disease, which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. It is linked to a microbe that activates the body’s defence mechanism, causing inflammation. Type I diabetes: the defence mechanisms attack the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin (insulin enables the body to use the glucose it receives). This form of diabetes usually occurs during childhood or adolescence. Rheumatoid arthritis: a condition that affects the joints. Coeliac disease: affects the small intestine. The immune system of a person with coeliac disease reacts to gluten, which damages the lining of the intestine. Lupus: this can affect any organ, the most common being the skin and joints. Other, less frequent, diseases include some thyroid disorders, pernicious anaemia, Addison's disease and vitiligo. Prognosis of the disease Although autoimmune diseases can’t yet be cured, there are a number of treatments available which can help alleviate the symptoms. Having an autoimmune disease does not affect your life expectancy. Symptoms of autoimmune disease The main symptoms are usually inflammation (which can cause redness, heat, pain and swelling), fatigue, muscle aches and fever but these symptoms to not apply to all autoimmune diseases (particularly Type 1 diabetes). Symptoms also depend on the particular condition: Inflammatory bowel disease: abdominal pain and bloody diarrhoea are common. Type I diabetes: blurred vision, the need to urinate often, problems with concentration, and chronic thirst Rheumatoid arthritis: the main symptoms are mild joint pain, stiffness, and fatigue. The joints may be hot and painful. The areas most affected are the wrists, knees, fingers, and ankles. Coeliac disease: manifests as abdominal pain, diarrhoea, constipation, weight loss, and fatigue. Lupus: this may be difficult to diagnose since it manifests as outbreaks. Symptoms depend on each case, but the main symptoms are muscle and joint pain and hair loss. In addition, there is often atypical colouring on the face, especially on the nose and cheeks. Medical tests for autoimmune diseases The first step in detecting an autoimmune disease is to have a complete medical history taken, including family history, lifestyle, drugs prescribed, and symptoms. After this, depending on the autoimmune disease detected or suspected, some tests will be performed: Inflammatory bowel disease: may require blood and stool analysis, endoscopy, capsule endoscope, ultrasound and radiological tests. Type I diabetes: a glycosylated haemoglobin (A1c) test, a random blood sugar test or a fasting blood sugar test is usually done for diagnosis. Rheumatoid arthritis: a blood test and radiologic examination of the most affected skeletal segments most affected is performed. Coeliac disease: four tests are usually performed to diagnose this pathology: serology, genetic testing, duodenal biopsy and gluten-free diet. Lupus: diagnosis of lupus is often complicated. Diagnosis is based on the presence of several criteria that must occur at the same time, such as malar rash, arthritis, blood or neurological disorders, mouth sores and serositis, among others. What causes autoimmune diseases? The causes of autoimmune diseases are unknown, although they tend to be hereditary. In addition, some viruses, bacteria and drugs may cause certain alterations that trigger their appearance. African-American, Hispanic-American, and Native American women are most at risk. Can they be prevented? There is currently no known way to prevent autoimmune diseases. Treatments for autoimmune diseases There are different treatments depending on the disease to be treated. For example, the main treatment for type 1 diabetes is the daily administration of insulin. Patients with coeliac disease need to eliminate gluten from their diet. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis can take anti-inflammatory medication and steroid injections to manage pain. Which specialist treats autoimmune diseases? The specialist treating an autoimmune disease will depend on the type of disease. Some specialists include: Internal Physicians, Immunologists, Dermatologists and Rheumatologists. ...

Cellulitis

Infectious cellulitis is caused by a bacterial infection that affects the upper layers of the skin, irritating and inflaming them. Despite its apparent similarity, this ailment has nothing to do with common cellulite. It is convenient to treat it quickly or otherwise, the infection can spread to the bloodstream. The symptoms include fever, pain, swelling and heat in the damaged area....

Dandruff and seborrhea

What is dandruff? Dandruff is a common scalp disorder characterised by excessive peeling and flaking of the skin on your head. Dandruff is usually easily managed and is not contagious. What are the symptoms of dandruff? The main symptoms of dandruff are: White flakes or scales of dead skin in the hair near the scalp An itchy scalp Seborrhoea (excessively oily scalp) What causes dandruff? Sometimes dandruff can be associated with other skin problems of the scalp, such as seborrheic dermatitis (irritated, oily skin which in babies is called cradle cap) or psoriasis. Other causes can be: Eczema Allergic contact dermatitis (e.g. sensitivity to certain shampoos and hair products) Dry skin Not shampooing your hair enough (oils and skin cells can build up) Tinea capitis (a fungal infection, also known as scalp ringworm) Can dandruff be prevented? Whilst dandruff can be treated, in terms of preventing its recurrence you should: Avoid scratching your scalp When shampooing your hair, do so gently, without scratching the scalp Brush your hair daily Wash your hair regularly (at least 2-3 times a week) Avoid using colouring products on your hair Avoid using styling products (gels, mousses) which can build up oils on your scalp Expose your hair to the sun every so often What is the treatment for dandruff? The treatment of dandruff varies according to the severity of each case but includes: Using medicated shampoos that contain either zinc pyrithione, coal tar, ketoconazole, salicylic acid or selenium sulphide two to three times a week or every other day until the dandruff is under control (usually within one month). For more severe cases of dandruff, a dermatologist may have to prescribe a prescription-strength shampoo or steroid lotion. ...

Dark circles

What is dark circle treatment? Dark circles (technically known as idiopathic cutaneous hyperchromia of the orbital region) refer to the darkest area under the eyes. They can be hereditary, caused by hyperpigmentation, shadows, allergies, asthma or eczema or be due to medication, fatigue, sadness, hormonal changes, age or nutritional deficiency. Dark circle treatment is a highly effective and satisfactory technique to enhance this area of the face by correcting the bags under the eyes, which are sunken and defined dark circles that can give the face a dull and fatigued appearance. Due to the delicate nature of the skin in this area, it is a complex though not painful treatment, although a local or topical anaesthetic can be applied to minimise any discomfort. Why is it performed? Dark circle treatment is suitable for men and women of all ages who wish to get rid of dark circles.   What does it involve? Depending on the cause of their appearance, different techniques can be used to treat dark circles: Hereditary dark circles: you can try to eliminate them using cosmetics (which don’t contain any exfoliating acid), but if this proves unsuccessful, then injections of hyaluronic acid can be tried. Depending on the person and the amount of product injected, the result will last for a greater or lesser amount of time, and a perfecting session can be performed once a year. Dark circles due to hyperpigmentation: you can use depigmenting products to lighten the area. Dark circles due to tiredness: you can use cosmetic creams that stimulate oxygenation of the area, which prevents blood coagulation and fluid retention. You will also need to adopt some good habits: have 8 hours sleep, remove your makeup well and cut down on alcohol, tobacco and caffeine.   How to prepare for it No special prior preparation is necessary.   Post-treatment care There are no specific indications.   ...

Dermatitis

Dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin, which can generally cause flaking, itching or blisters. There are various types of dermatitis, depending on the cause that originates, although the most common are atopic dermatitis and seborrheic dermatitis.  ...

Foot fungus

Athlete's foot or foot fungus is a pathology caused by fungus known as foot ringworm. It can develop between the toes, heels, palms of the hands, etc.Athlete’s foot is contagious and can last a short term or long term, and even reappear at a later stage...

Haemangioma

What is a haemangioma? A haemangioma is a type of birthmark that is formed by a collection of blood vessels just under the skin. It is often referred to as a “strawberry mark” because of its reddish colour and texture. Haemangiomas can be superficial or deep. A superficial haemangioma is simply a raised red area on the surface of the skin, whereas a deep haemangioma involves swollen blood vessels deeper in the skin which can make give it a bluish hue. Haemangiomas can vary in size, and can develop anywhere on the body. They are very common, affecting about 5% of babies soon after birth. Can haemangiomas disappear on their own? Haemangiomas tend to increase in size rapidly for the first six months, but most will begin to shrink in size afterwards. They tend to disappear at the age of seven. Because of this, treatment is not normally recommended for haemangiomas, but might be considered if the haemangioma is: developing extremely rapidly growing near the eye and beginning to interfere with vision growing near the nose and causing breathing difficulties growing near the mouth and making it difficult to eat causing the surrounding skin to become deformed or stretched forming an ulcer In these situations it would be advisable to seek advice from a dermatologist. What causes haemangiomas? It’s not clear what causes haemangiomas, but they might be the result of placental tissue early in pregnancy. There doesn’t appear to be any genetic link – having another relative with a haemangioma doesn’t increase the chances of a child developing one. How is a haemangioma treated? If the haemangioma has ulcerated, the doctor will likely recommend pain relief medication and offer advice on washing and dressing the area to keep it from being infected. If it has become infected, antibiotics might be necessary. If the haemangioma is near the eye, lips or nappy area, it can usually be treated with a medicine called propranolol, which should cause the birthmark to shrink. Sometimes steriods or vincristine are used as alternatives when propranolol doesn’t work. Laser treatment is usually recommended when the birthmark has stopped shrinking, or if it’s situated in the airway and causing breathing difficulties. It can also be an effective treatment for reducing the redness of the birthmark. Finally, plastic surgery can be useful if the skin around the birthmark is stretched or deformed and you’d like to improve its appearance. Which type of specialist treats haemangioma? There are a range of specialists who have the potential to be involved in haemangioma treatment, depending on where the birthmark is. Laser treatment can be carried out by a dermatologist, where as surgery to improve the skin is carried out by a plastic surgeon. If laser treatment involves working in the airways, treatment might involve a pulmonologist or thoracic surgeon. Finally, if the haemangioma is affecting the eye then it might require the attention of an ophthalmologist. ...

Herpes

What is herpes? Herpes is a disease which is caused by a virus called the herpes simplex virus. Herpes manifests in different areas on the body, and is categorised differently depending on the part infected. What types of herpes are there? The most common types of herpes include oral herpes, affecting the mouth or face, and genital herpes (often referred to as simply ‘herpes’). Herpes can also affect the eye, the fingers, or cause infection in the brain, among other parts of the body. Herpes simplex has two strains – HSV-1, or type one, affects the mouth, while HSV-2, or type two, generally causes genital infections. Is herpes contagious? Herpes is passed along by direct body contact of lesions on an affected person, or through body fluids. Even if there are no noticeable symptoms, herpes can still be passed from one person to another. Herpes is contagious, and after infection, the virus remains in the body as it is transported to nerve cell bodies. This means the virus can lie dormant until it is triggered at some point, for example by stress, poor immune function, or exposure to sunlight. Genital herpes is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. What are the symptoms of herpes? Many people with herpes aren’t aware that they have the virus, particularly in cases of genital herpes. This is because symptoms can be very mild, and in some cases there may be no symptoms at all. However, when symptoms do present, they can be severe. Genital herpes symptoms include: Small blisters that break open and develop into painful sores Fever Swollen lymph nodes (glands around the body) Flu-like symptoms Symptoms of oral herpes are similar, in that fever, tiredness, and muscle aches may occur. One marker of oral herpes is sores around the mouth, or on the gums, tongue, inside of the cheeks, the throat, or the roof of the mouth. Before sores appear, there may be some itching, pain, tingling, or discomfort felt in the infected area. Is there a test for herpes? If sores are present, the doctor usually does not need to confirm the existence of the virus with a test, as it is already evident. However, sometimes tests can be carried out to confirm if the infection is affecting other organs in the body. What is the treatment for herpes? Treatment for herpes usually attempts to control and manage the virus, as it cannot yet be eradicated from the body. Treatments can come in the form of oral medication, usually in the form of an antiviral tablet, or a topical treatment (applied to the skin). In order to prevent against genital herpes spreading to others, sex should be avoided until any sores have cleared up. When sores are present, the condition is especially contagious. When symptoms are not present, it is important to use a condom in order to prevent the virus from spreading. In the case of oral herpes, try to avoid kissing others if a cold sore is present.  What specialist treats herpes? Usually it will be a dermatologist who will detect the symptoms of oral herpes sores in the patient and who will analyse the wounds. In cases of genital herpes, a gynaecologist or urologist may be the one to make a diagnosis and recommend treatment. If you are worried about possible symptoms of herpes, you can also visit your nearest sexual health clinic. ...

Hirsutism

Hirsutism is the presence of excessive body hair in places where hair does not usually grow. In most cases, this abnormal growth of hair is produced by a greater presence of androgen hormones. Hirsutism is usually hereditary, although polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is another common cause. ...

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

What is the human papillomavirus (HPV)? Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of viruses that can infect the skin and mucous membranes in humans. There are more than 100 different types, most of them harmless, but some types are associated with an increased risk of cancer or cervical dysplasia (abnormal changes in the cells of the surface of the cervix). These are acquired through sexual contact with an infected partner and can be low or high-risk. Low-risk strains can cause genital warts. Conversely, high-risk strains can cause cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina and anus in women; and cancer of the penis and anus in men. What are the symptoms of HPV? In many cases, HPV infections produce little to no symptoms and the infection will go away without treatment. However, whilst that person may not experience symptoms of HPV, they are still carriers of the virus and can transmit it to any sexual partners they have. However, HPV infections can produce genital warts or warts in the throat. High-risk strains of the virus can also cause cell abnormalities in the cervix, which can develop into cervical cancer if untreated. Unfortunately, symptoms of cervical cancer do not usually become apparent until the cancer is in its later stages. This is why regular cervical screening is so important for women after the age of 20-25. What causes human papillomavirus infections? There are several factors that increase your risk of suffering from human papillomavirus infections. Most people who become infected with the virus will do so from direct sexual contact, including oral sex. The risk is increased if you are not practising safe sex (i.e. using a condom), because HPV is transmitted by skin-to-skin contact. Another risk factor is having a depressed immune system. Can HPV infections be prevented? It is possible to get vaccinated against the human papillomavirus to reduce your risk of being infected by the high-risk strains. This vaccine is offered to girls in school from the age of 12 and is highly recommended. Using condoms is also advised to reduce your exposure and risk of contracting HPV during sex. To prevent HPV infections from developing into cervical cancer, women should also have frequent cervical screening from when they become sexually active. What is the treatment for an HPV infection? There is no cure for the human papillomavirus. Treatment of cervical abnormalities that result from HPV can be removed surgically. Genital warts that result from HPV may be treated with topical creams, surgery or cryotherapy. ...

Hyperhidrosis

  What is hyperhidrosis? What are the types? Hyperhidrosis is a condition characterized by excessive sweating. Sweating, also called perspiration, is a skin function that helps to maintain body temperature constant. However, uncontrolled unpredictable excessive sweating , i.e. hyperhidrosis, can adversely affect social and professional relationships. People with hyperhidrosis have overactive sweat glands. Their uncontrolled sweating can become problematic, from an emotional as well as physical viewpoint, and interfere with their everyday life as the condition develops. Hence, many people with hyperhidrosis want to avoid situations that involve physical contact, e.g. greeting somebody with a handshake. Similarly, they tend to restrict their arm movements and adopt rigid postures to hide sweating in their armpits. Among the habits that people with this condition develop, a common one is changing clothes several times a day. Hyperhidrosis may affect only specific parts of the body such as the armpits (axillary hyperhidrosis), palms of hands and soles of feet (palmoplantar hyperhidrosis) or the face (gustatory hyperhidrosis), or the whole body (generalized hyperhidrosis). It may be focal, affecting an area ≤ 100 cm2, or generalized, affecting an area > 100 cm2. Symptoms of hyperhidrosis The symptoms are readily apparent: excessive, uncontrolled sweating in different parts of the body with no apparent cause. What are the causes of hyperhidrosis? Hyperhidrosis may be primary or secondary. Primary hyperhidrosis is usually more localized, and the cause is unknown; it is obvious however that the sympathetic nervous system is overactive and the sweat response is excessive. Feeling tense or nervous can make the symptoms worse. In many patients, a positive feedback loop develops: they become nervous when they realize that they have started sweating, which makes them sweat more, which makes them more nervous…. Secondary hyperhidrosis is the result of an underlying clinical situation and it tends to affect the body in a more generalized manner: it can appear at different stages of the patient’s life in association with different habits, illnesses or problems (e.g. menopause, certain drugs or medications, thyroid gland problems, tumours, etc). Can it be prevented? Primary hyperhidrosis cannot be prevented. Secondary hyperhidrosis is associated with another clinical problem and if the underlying problem is controlled, hyperhidrosis may be better controlled. What is the treatment? There are currently many varied treatments for hyperhidrosis: Treatment of hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin: this is a straightforward treatment that can be applied to the armpits, the palms of the hand and the soles of the feet. The toxin, injected using very fine needles, blocks the function of the sweat glands, such that sweat production in the area is lowered. The treatment usually takes about one hour and it is effective for around 6 months. Medico-dermatological treatments: aluminium chloride is often used as an antiperspirant, but it may cause skin irritation. Anticholinergic substances are also used, but they may have side effects. Surgical treatments: one technique is to eliminate the sweat glands using one of several methods. Another procedure is endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy, in which the principal thoracic ganglia of the paravertebral chain innervating the skin region that requires treatment are rendered useless. Although this technique is highly effective, compensatory sweating may develop whereby sweating starts to occur in areas that did not sweat before surgery. ...

Keloid scars

Keloid scars are formed during the healing of a wound. In the process, too much scar tissue is formed and causes abnormal growth, which is usually large and red. Keloid scars and hypertrophic scars are different. These are less thick and deformed.         ...

Lichen sclerosus

What is it? Lichen sclerosus is a rare autoimmune inflammatory disease, also known as Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. It is a skin and mucosae condition which affects particularly the tissue of the genital area in males and females. What are the symptoms? Lichen sclerosus is an inflammation which can affect both men and women, but it’s most common in women over 50. The condition affects women mostly in the genital area; however, it may also affect the arms, legs, and tongue. In women, the most common symptoms include: itching a burning sensation; dyspareunia (painful sexual intercourse) vaginal dryness local skin irritation white spots or patches appearing on the skin anal fissures labia minora shrinking or flattening For men, lichen sclerosus mainly affects the tip of the penis. The most common symptoms include: bright, whitish or brownish patches bruises microlesions itching pain dyspareunia (painful sexual intercourse) urethritis urethral stricture phimosis In children, the most common symptoms include: girls: itching and burning sensation of the vulva and perineum area; boys: general irritation of the genital area. How is it diagnosed? Lichen sclerosus is generally diagnosed by analysing under a microscope a small tissue sample taken from the affected area. What causes it? The cause of lichen sclerosus is unknown, but there are some possibilities: overactive immune system hormone imbalance genetic factors poor skin health, or having had any previous injury on your skin How is it treated? The main treatment for lichen sclerosis is a topical steroid cream. This usually has to be applied for a few months and can help to control the symptoms. In rare cases where steroid cream does not work, there are other medicines that can reduce inflammation. For a small number of patients, minor surgery such as removal of the foreskin, or surgery to widen the vagina, may be recommended. ...

Lupus

What is lupus? Lupus is a disease that damages the immune system; that is, your own immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues. This can cause damage to many parts of the body, including the joints, skin, kidneys, heart, lungs, blood vessels, and brain. There are different types of lupus: Systemic lupus erythematosus: This is the most common type and it may be mild or acute and can damage many parts of the body. Discoid lupus: This type of lupus causes a rash on the skin that won't go away. Subacute cutaneous lupus: Causes blisters after exposure to the sun. Drug-induced lupus: This is caused by some medications. The disease usually disappears when you stop taking the medication in question. Neonatal lupus: This affects newborns, but it is not common. It may be caused by certain antibodies in the mother’s body. Prognosis of the disease: We have not yet found a cure for lupus; a disease that can still be fatal for some. However, if treatment is successful it is rare for a person to die from lupus. Around 80-90% of people diagnosed with lupus live for more than 10 years after learning they have the disease. In addition, people who have some organs affected by the disease, but whose life is not at risk, usually live a completely normal life if they follow the advice of their specialist, which is to take prescription medications and to seek help if there are undesirable side-effects, or if new symptoms of the disease appear. Symptoms of lupus: Lupus can have a variety of symptoms depending on the individual. The most common symptoms are: Pain or swelling in the joints Muscle pain Fever Red rashes on the skin, mostly on the face and in the form of a butterfly Chest pain when breathing deeply Hair loss White or purple fingers or toes Sunlight sensitivity Swelling in the legs or eye area Sores in the mouth Swollen glands Feeling of tiredness. These symptoms can be intermittent and are referred to as “outbreaks”. These outbreaks may be mild or severe and new symptoms may appear at any time. Medical tests for lupus: As with the symptoms, there is no single test to diagnose lupus, because it can sometimes be confused with other diseases. It can take months or years for a specialist to diagnose lupus. Some of the medical tests that the specialist may use to diagnose lupus include: A detailed evaluation of someone’s medical history Full physical examination Blood tests Skin biopsy Kidney biopsy What causes lupus? The cause of lupus and its risk factors are currently unknown. Anyone can get lupus, but women are at a higher risk for the disease. Lupus is two to three times more common in African-American women than in white women. Hispanic, Asian and Native American women are also more likely to develop lupus. African-American and Hispanic women are more susceptible to the most severe types of lupus. Can lupus be prevented? Lupus can occur without any symptoms, so it is difficult to know if it can be completely prevented during a person's lifetime. The best thing you can do to reduce the chances of developing lupus is to follow a balanced diet and to exercise regularly, i.e. have a healthy lifestyle. Taking care of your diet: By eating the right foods and eating a healthy diet you can prevent inflammation of the organs, which is one of the main symptoms of lupus. Exercise: Staying active and avoiding a sedentary lifestyle can help you build strength, control your weight and even improve your mood. Check with your specialist about the type of exercise you can do, because the organs affected by lupus could complicate the practice of some exercises. Take supplements: These can add nutritional value to your diet and can also help reduce inflammation throughout your body. Krill oil, for example, contains nutrients that can improve your cardiovascular health if taken regularly. Treatments for lupus: There is no treatment to cure lupus, but medication and lifestyle changes can help control the disease. The aims of each treatment are to: Prevent outbreaks Treat symptoms as soon as they appear Reduce organ damage and other problems. Treatments may be accompanied by medication for: Reducing inflammation and pain Preventing or reducing outbreaks Boosting the immune system Preventing or reducing joint damage Balancing hormones. In addition to taking medicine for lupus, you may need to take medicine for other problems related to lupus, such as high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, or infections. There are alternative treatments that take a completely different path to conventional treatments. However, there is currently no medical research regarding current, useful alternative therapies to combat lupus. Some alternative or complementary approaches may help improve the quality of life of those with a chronic illness like this. Before undertaking any alternative treatment, you should consult a specialist. Which specialist treats lupus? People with lupus will see several different doctors. Including, a primary care doctor, dermatologists, cardiologists, pain specialists, to name a few. ...

Lymphomas

What is lymphoma? Lymphoma is a group of blood cancers developing from lymphocytes, which are the cells that defend the body in the immune system. This proliferation takes place in the nodules or lymph nodes, although sometimes it also affects the spleen or liver. Thus, it is a cancer that originates in the lymphatic tissue. As a result of the disease, there is an impairment of the immune system, which accentuates as the disease further spreads. If the bone marrow has been affected, it can lead to anaemia or other changes in the blood cells. Lymphomas account for about 3-4% of all cancers around the world. There are two main types of lymphoma: Hodgkin lymphoma or Hodgkin's disease Non-Hodgkin lymphomas However, there is a new classification called the REAL System (Revised European American Lymphoma Classification), which divides types of lymphoma according to their clinical behaviour into three categories: Indolent lymphomas: are those that grow slowly. Patients with this type of lymphoma can live for many years without any treatment and without presenting the problems derived from the disease. In fact, in many of these patients treatment is discouraged if they do not develop symptoms. Aggressive or highly-aggressive lymphomas: these grow faster than the previously mentioned types. It is essential to treat patients with this type of lymphoma otherwise life expectancy is reduced to weeks or months. Luckily these are lymphomas that respond well to chemotherapy and many of them are curable. What are the symptoms? Normal lymphomas manifest through protruding lymph nodes, which increase in size and are visible in areas such as the neck, armpits or groins. However, when they appear in less accessible areas such as the abdomen or the mediastinum, they can go unnoticed thus making it difficult to diagnose until symptoms do not usually appear. These symptoms include, among others: Fever greater than 38 degrees Profuse sweating at night Unexplained weight loss (more than 10% in six months) Enlargement of the spleen Causes of lymphoma or why it occurs Presently, the exact causes that trigger lymphoma are unknown except in some cases that are related to infections caused by bacteria such as helicobacter pylori and borrelia or the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Can it be prevented? There is no way to prevent lymphoma. However, experts recommend leading a healthy lifestyle, which could reduce the risk of its appearance, but there is no direct relationship. Other recommendations are to avoid obesity, smoking and cardiovascular risk factors, not because they can cause lymphoma, but because a person with comorbidities is less likely to overcome favourably aggressive treatment, such as chemotherapy. What is the treatment? The treatment of lymphoma depends on the prognosis, the age of the patient and his general state of health. A good preliminary study should be done to know the extent of the disease and subsequently decide the best treatment. The most used treatments are: Alkylating agents, which directly attack DNA to prevent the reproduction of cancer cells. Rituximab is a type of monoclonal antibody indicated for non-Hodgkin lymphoma or relapses. Chemotherapy Radio - chemotherapy Hematopoietic transplant ...

Melanoma

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that forms from the skin cells called melanocytes, which give the skin its pigment. This type of skin cancer can also be called malignant melanoma and is the most dangerous form of skin cancer, with a mortality rate of around 20% if the cancer goes undetected.   What causes melanoma?   Melanoma is most often caused by over-exposure to the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. It is more common in older people due to the cumulative effect of years of exposure to the sun, and is especially common in areas of the body that are more exposed to the sun such as the face, back of the neck, hands and arms. Due to this, melanoma is also more common in people with a fair complexion, and with people that have been sunburnt as a child. Having said that, it is a myth that people with darker skin are not affected, as they also carry a risk if not protected from the sun. Where they commonly develop in areas that receive a lot of sun exposure in fair coloured skin, in darker skin types they more commonly develop on the soles of the feet, palms of the hand and in the finger nail beds, and can easily go unnoticed. Melanoma can also be genetic, with around 5% of cases of melanoma thought to be genetically passed on.   What are the symptoms of melanoma?   Melanomas are often noticed by the person rather than diagnosed by a doctor. A sign of a melanoma is a mole that changes shape or size, or that the border of the outline changes and becomes more blurred. Another symptom is when a new mole, or pigmented section of skin appears where there was nothing before. The key for checking a mole to look for signs of melanoma is the ABCDE acronym for the characteristics of melanoma:   Asymmterical shape such as two halves of a mole having a different shape irregular Border when the mole has a ‘notched’ outline Change in colour such as uneven colours or multiple colours Diameter when the size changes, or when a mole is bigger than 6 millimeters in diameter. Evolving If the mole changes overtime, or develops other symptoms such as itchiness or bleeding.   Melanoma treatments   The treatment of the melanoma depends on the type of melanoma, the severity and the position on the body, and whether the cancer has spread. Some of the options available to your doctor include surgery, with different methods available to remove the melanoma. Radiotherapy may be considered if the cancer has spread, or it may be decided that a melanoma vaccine is the best option, which aims to kill the cells using the body’s own defence mechanisms. This form of treatment is still being developed. If you are concerned you may have a melanoma, and would like to be diagnosed. Make an appointment with a specialist here: https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/melanoma ...

Melasma

What is melasma? Melasma, also known as cholasma, is a skin condition where patches of skin on the face take on a light or dark brown colour. It’s more noticeable in the summer, because these patches tend to tan more than the parts which are not affected. Melasma is a common condition, affecting women much more than men , and women who are pregnant in particular. Is melasma a serious condition? Melasma is not contagious, and it doesn’t develop into skin cancer or other health conditions. However, there is no cure for melasma, though there are a number of treatments (see below). If melasma occurs during pregnancy, the condition is likely to disappear again after a few months. Symptoms of melasma Melasma appears as darker patches of the face, usually the cheeks and nose. Patches might be small at first but grow larger over time. Unlike moles, they are flat, not raised. In some cases, you might get patches of dark skin on the neck and arms. There is no itchiness or soreness, or any pain from melasma – the only symptom is the cosmetic difference it makes to your skin. Medical tests to diagnose melasma Melasma is usually straightforward to diagnose simply by looking at the pigmentation of the skin and the pattern made by the patches. In some cases, however, a dermatologist might recommend taking a small sample of skin to examine. This operation should be quick and will involve the use of local anaesthetic. What are the causes of melasma? What causes melasma is unknown. However, there are a lot of things that can increase your chances of developing the condition: having a darker skin type pregnancy use of contraceptive medication a family history of the condition sun exposure Treatments for melasma There is a certain amount that you can do yourself to manage melasma and improve the appearance of your skin. A dermatologist can also offer some options for treatment if these strategies haven’t worked. What can I do? Protect yourself from the sun – sun protection is important not only to manage melasma but to reduce your chances of developing skin cancer. You can reduce your exposure to the sun by using a high-factor suncream (30 and above), wearing a hat when it’s sunny outside, and avoiding the use of tanning salons. Skin lightening creams – some skin lightening creams can be purchased over the counter, but might not be as effective as those prescribed by a dermatologist (see below). Cover-up makeup – some brands of makeup are designed to cover up darker marks, and you might be able to get a recommendation from a dermatologist. What can a dermatologist offer? Prescription skin-lightening creams – these often contain a chemical called hydroquinone which prevents skin cells from producing melanin. There are side effects to the use of this cream, including skin irritation, and it does not work for everyone, so you can only get this cream on prescription from a doctor. Surgical procedures – a number of procedures can treat melasma, including microneedling, chemical peels, and laser therapy. Each type of procedure has associated risks and could make the condition worse, so it should be performed by an experienced specialist. Skin camouflage – a skin camouflage service can provide a cream that matches your skin type and covers up any dark patches on your skin. There are around 80 skin camouflage clinics in the UK offering advice and skin products for a range of skin conditions. ...

Mesotherapy

What is mesotherapy? Mesotherapy is an aesthetic medical treatment that stimulates cell regeneration through the infiltration of different active ingredients to achieve firmer and more elastic skin. It can be performed on the face to give it a rejuvenated look, or on various areas of the body to reshape and stylise the figure. Active ingredients such as hyaluronic acid, platelet-rich plasma and various vitamins are usually used in mesotherapy treatment, which are injected into the area to be treated using very fine needles. The procedure is carried out using topical anaesthetic. Why is it performed? Mesotherapy is an effective treatment for both the face and the body and is used for: Cellulite Sagging skin Stretch marks Scars Acne Fat reduction. What does it involve? The mesotherapy technique involves a twofold process to boost cell stimulation: the small injection that is administered activates the cells, making them more receptive to the vitamins and substances that are subsequently injected to nourish and hydrate them. This treatment is performed on an outpatient basis and is painless. It gives highly satisfactory results, as with just a few small injections, it can achieve visible changes in the condition of your skin. It usually takes from seven to twelve sessions of 10 to 30 minutes each to complete the treatment, depending on the individual characteristics of each person and the area to be treated. Therefore, the entire mesotherapy treatment will be administered over two or three weeks. Preparing for mesotherapy No specific preparation for mesotherapy treatment is required. Before each session, the specialist will identify the area to be treated and will then clean the area with disinfectant alcohol. Although not a dangerous treatment, mesotherapy is not indicated for people with allergies, skin diseases, infectious diseases, cancer, or clotting problems. Post-treatment care This is an outpatient treatment and does not affect your daily life; you can resume your normal activity after each mesotherapy session. Depending on the aims of the treatment, the specialist may recommend a special diet or physical activity routine to optimise the results. ...

Moles

What are moles? Moles are pigmented spots which appear on the skin. They can often appear during childhood or adolescence without a known cause. Most moles are nothing to worry about and only become a concern when they change colour, size, or shape. In some cases people prefer to have them removed for aesthetic reasons, but this is largely done through the private sector as the NHS do not offer cosmetic mole removal. It is also worth noting that moles may also fade or disappear over time, and sometimes can darken during pregnancy. If you see noticeable changes in a mole, it is always best to have it checked by your doctor or dermatologist. What do moles look like? Moles can be varied in size, shape, and colour. They can be flat or raised, and most moles are oval or round-shaped. They may also have a smooth or rough texture, and have hair growing from them. Moles should be checked out by a doctor if you notice the following: A change in shape A change in colour or a separation of colour Bleeding Itching Crusting of the skin An increase in size The mole becoming more ‘raised’ What are the causes? Moles or nevus occur when melancocytes, the pigment-producing cells of the skin, grow in clusters. Exposure to the sun influences their appearance, shape and size. Those who are fair-skinned are more likely to develop moles.   Can it be prevented? Monitoring sun exposure can prevent the appearance of some types of mole. What is the treatment? The dermatologist should keep track of the patient's moles, checking all those which change colour and shape or cause pain, or itch or bleed. If any of these symptoms present, the dermatologist may suggest mole removal as a precaution, in order to prevent melanoma developing. This operation is performed on an outpatient basis. ...

Molluscum contagiosum

Molluscum contagiosum is a skin disease caused by a virus that manifests as papules or small lumps on the skin. It is a very common infection in children spread by contact with contaminated objects (clothes, toys) and usually appears on the face, neck, armpits, arms or hands. ...

Onychomycosis

What is onychomycosis? Onychomycosis or nail fungus is a common fungal infection of the toenails or fingernails. It causes nails to thicken, discolour and become brittle at the edges. If the condition is mild, treatment may not be needed, however, if the nails become too thick and cause pain and discomfort, medical intervention will be required. Nail fungus is more common among adults, particularly the elderly and is associated with diabetes and a suppressed immune system. It is also more common in toenails but can occur in fingernails. What are the symptoms of onychomycosis? The initial symptoms are characterized by nails becoming yellowish or whitish, distorted in shape, fragile, brittle or slightly foul smelling. Those with diabetes, reduced circulation to the feet and older people are at a greater risk of developing a bacterial infection (cellulitis) in the surrounding skin from a fungal nail infection, so onychomycosis can lead to further complications. What are the causes of onychomycosis? The most common cause of onychomycosis is a fungus called dermatophyte. These fungi or dermatophytes usually come from walking barefoot on the ground or from another person, especially in warm and humid environments. For this reason, onychomycosis is often contracted in swimming pools, changing rooms and showers of sports facilities, since it is easier to get a fungal infection from a wet floor. Athlete's foot is a fungal foot infection often picked up from swimming pool floors, which can lead to nail fungus. Can onychomycosis be prevented? The following tips can help prevent nail fungus and athlete’s foot: Wear footwear in pool areas and gym changing areas. Wash your hands and feet regularly and use dry your feet properly after a shower. Trim your nails straight across and file down the edges, and disinfect your nail clippers after every use Stop using artificial nails and nail polishes Choose comfortable shoes and change socks throughout the day Use antifungal creams or disinfectant What is the treatment for onychomycosis? Topical antifungal creams can be applied to the infected skin and nails.   Some can be applied like nail polish. The downfall of topical treatments is that it generally doesn’t cure the fungal infection and additional oral medication is required. Oral medication can have adverse side effects like nausea and won’t be prescribed to those with heart failure or liver conditions. In severe cases, if the nails become too thick, they can be surgically or chemically removed. Nails are removed chemically using a urea compound. Surgically removing the nails isn’t an effective treatment on its own and should be combined with prescribed oral medication. Laser treatment is one of the newest treatments for nail infections. The laser can penetrate the nail tissue and kill the fungal infection, but laser may need to be carried out more than once and has a lower cure rate at present.   ...

Pemphigus

What is pemphigus? Pemphigus is a set of rare diseases that affect the immune system. It manifests as blisters on the skin and in the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, throat or genitals. It is not a contagious disease. There are several different types of pemphigus: Pemphigus vulgaris: Blisters first appear in the mouth and can be painful but do not cause itching or scars. This form is one of the most common. Pemphigus foliaceus: Blisters first appear on the face and the scalp and then to the chest and the back. Flakes on the skin that break off easily can also arise. In this type of Pemphigus the blisters do cause itching, but they are not painful or appear in the mouth. Vegetative pemphigus: In this form of pemphigus, the sores appear in the groin and armpits. Pemphigus IgA: This type of pemphigus is caused by the antibody IgA and is the most dangerous. The blisters may contain pus. Paraneoplastic pemphigus: This is the least common type of oemphigus and usually affects people with some forms of cancer. It causes painful sores in the mouth, cuts and scars around the eyelids, blisters on the skin and problems in the lungs. What are the symptoms of pemphigus? The symptoms vary depending on the type of pemphigus, but in general they usually manifest as blisters on different parts of the body. In some cases, they are painful and sore and in other cases they can may cause itching or be filled with pus. What are the causes of pemphigus? The immune system produces antibodies to attack viruses and harmful bacteria. In pemphigus, the immune system and its antibodies attack the healthy cells of the skin and mucous membranes instead. As a result of this attack, the skin cells separate, and fluid accumulates in the layers of the skin, producing blisters. The cause of the immune system attack is unknown. Pemphigus treatment After your GP or dermatologist has diagnosed pemphigus, it will be treated through medication. Normally high doses of anti-inflammatories are administered to control the immune system, either orally or by injection. The dermatologist can also prescribe immunosuppressive drugs and antibiotics in case of an infection. ...

Photodynamic therapy

What is photodynamic therapy? Photodynamic therapy is a method indicated for the treatment of certain skin lesions. It is a minimally invasive technique based on the application of light to the skin, above a photosensitive cream, in order to attack affected cells only, without affecting healthy cells. The advantage of this technique is its ability to improve the patient’s quality of life, given that its minimally invasive nature avoids surgery and a hospital stay. Moreover, no complications or side effects have been reported. Why is it done? Photodynamic therapy is indicated for the treatment of several skin conditions, such as the following (non-exhaustive list):  Rosacea and certain types of acne Some types of skin cancer, such as basal cell or squamous carcinoma. Fine wrinkles and aged skin Sun damage such as liver spots Scars. Hence, in addition to repairing skin lesions, this treatment also increases the oxygenation, luminosity and smoothness of the skin, eliminating toxins. What does it involve? First, a photosensitising cream is applied to the area of the skin to treat. Then the area is irradiated with a dose of red light. This technique provokes a photochemical reaction that destroys atypical or impaired cells, without damaging healthy cells. The patient may remain with their head covered and the photosensitising cream applied for up to 3 hours, to ensure absorption. Next, the light exposure step usually takes around 10 minutes, varying by patient. After the session, the patient can immediately resume their normal routine. The dermatologist may recommend the application of photoprotective creams for at least 48 hours after the treatment. Preparation You will have to obtain the cream at a pharmacy, then store it between 2-8ºC, e.g. in a fridge. Other than remembering to bring the cream to the session, there is no other preparation required. Nevertheless, you will have to tell the dermatologist about your health and medications, given that photodynamic therapy is contraindicated in pregnant women and patients with lupus or porphyria. Alternatives to photodynamic therapy There are other options available, depending on the condition being treated. For example, in the case of sun lesions, laser and surgery may be used to eliminate them. In the case of wrinkles and expression lines, there are several techniques that may be used, such as a lift procedure or implantation of substances such as hyaluronic acid or botulinum toxin. Finally, in the case of lesions believed to cause skin cancer, the usual treatment is radiotherapy and chemotherapy. ...

Pruritis

Pruritus is a type of skin irritation that can induce itchiness. It is very important not to scratch the affected areas. There are several possible causes for pruritus: atopic dermatitis, dry skin, urticaria, sunburn, insect bites or psoriasis, among others. If the condition persists, it is necessary to see a specialist. ...

Psoriasis

What is psoriasis? Psoriasis is a condition that affects the skin, causing patches of red rash, and flaky patches of silvery skin, which can sometimes be itchy or sore. The condition can present anywhere, but is most common on the scalp, elbows, knees and lower back. It can affect men and women of any age, but is more common in adults under 35 years old. It is non-contagious and the severity differs between people, with some only affected a little, and others affected greatly. Psoriasis is a chronic condition, meaning that it lasts a long time. It usually has periods with mild or no symptoms, followed by periods of more severe symptoms. What are the different types? The most common types of psoriasis are as follows: ​Plaque psoriasis The most common form of psoriasis, and shows as raised, red patches of skin covered with silvery patches of dry skin, known as plaques. Plaques can appear anywhere, but usually appear on elbows, knees, lower back and scalp. The plaques can be sore and itchy, and may crack and bleed in some cases. Nail psoriasis The nails are affected in around half of the people with psoriasis. Small dents may appear, and the nails may become discoloured or grow abnormally. The nails can become loose and separate from the nail bed, and in severe cases the nails may crumble. Guttate psoriasis This form often starts in childhood, and appears in the form of small, dot like lesions. It is the second most common form of psoriasis. This form often starts after a throat infection, but in most cases will disappear after a few weeks. Inverse psoriasis Folds of the skin such as elbows, knees, groin, buttocks and under the breasts are usually affected by this form. It appears as large, red smooth patches, and becomes worse by friction and sweating. Pustular psoriasis This is characterised by small, white blisters surrounded by red skin. It is not an infection, or contagious and can affect any part of the body, particularly the hands and feet. What are the causes of psoriasis? The cause of psoriasis is unknown, but is due to the skin cells being replaced more quickly than usual, which is possibly a problem with the immune system. The normal process for skin cell production is the production of the new cell in the deeper layers of the skin, the new cells gradually move up through the layers, until they reach the top layer, where they then die and flake off. This usually takes around three to four weeks. With psoriasis, the process only takes three to seven days, causing a build-up of skin cells that are not ready to flake off. Psoriasis can sometimes be triggered due to injury, stress, smoking, drinking alcohol and certain medications. What is the treatment for psoriasis? Mild psoriasis can be treated with skin creams. These can reduce swelling, soreness, itching and reduce the rate of skin cell growth. These may include steroid creams, moisturisers, and coal tar especially in the form of a psoriasis shampoo. More severe forms of psoriasis may be treated with phototherapy. The treatment exposes your skin to ultraviolet light which helps to treat the condition. You may be prescribed a medicine to help cure problems with your immune system that may be leading to psoriasis. ...

Rash

Rashes are irritations that appear on the skin. There are different types, depending on the colour and the texture that they present as well as the causes. The most common are contact dermatitis, which appears as a reaction of skin contact with certain products (from soaps, to materials such as latex or rubber); seborrheic dermatitis, a harmless rash that manifests itself with red areas and flaking, especially on the face and torso, usually caused by stress or the use of lotions or soaps that contain alcohol. In addition, there are numerous conditions that show skin rashes as symptoms: childhood diseases such as chickenpox or measles; herpes zoster virus; psoriasis and eczema; insect bites or reactions to certain medications. Treatment for skin rashes depends on the causes, and can range from creams to oral medications. ...

Rosacea

What is rosacea? Rosacea is a chronic skin condition that causes a facial rash, which may include red blotches, telangiectasia (spider veins), pimples or spots, and possibly a burning sensation on the skin of the cheeks, nose, chin and forehead. It is a long-term pathology that appears more frequently in middle-aged people and can vary in intensity.   What are the symptoms of rosacea? Rosacea can manifest as several symptoms, including: Redness of the face (often giving the appearance of blushing) Bumps or pimples on the skin Patches of rough, dry skin Swelling, particularly around the nose and eyes (a bulbous red nose is a common indicator of severe rosacea) A burning or stinging sensation Telangiectasia (spider veins – thin and reddish lines form under the skin because the blood vessels under the skin are enlarged. Eye problems, including itching, dryness, swelling, light-sensitivity, bloodshot or watery appearance, etc. Different patients may experience a different selection of symptoms, the most common being the unexplained redness of the face, which often bears a resemblance to acne (although the two are distinct conditions). Rosacea tends to flare up in cycles, with patients suffering symptoms for a period of weeks or months, before the symptoms disappear for a similar period.   What are the causes of rosacea? The cause of rosacea is unknown but there are several factors that are thought to contribute to or worsen it. For example excessive consumption of alcohol, caffeine or hot and spicy food is thought to trigger episodes, as can intense physical activity. Other factors include: Age – rosacea occurs most commonly in people between 30 and 50 years of age. Skin type – fair-skinned people seem to be more susceptible (especially those with blond hair and blue eyes). Genetics – family history of the condition means you are more likely to suffer from rosacea. It it also more common in people of Celtic and Scandinavian ancestry. Hormonal changes (e.g. the menopause) Sudden changes in temperature Exposure to sun or wind Stress Some medications Certain bacteria, e.g. helicobacter pylori   Can rosacea be prevented? Rosacea is not a pathology that can be prevented, but you can still avoid severe episodes by starting treatment as soon as possible when symptoms flare up, and keeping your skin hydrated. Other tips include identifying and avoiding the things that a flare-up, avoiding products that irritate the skin, and generally taking care of your skin, by using sun cream, make-up suited to our skin type, and gentle shampoos and gels to avoid further irritation.   What is the treatment for rosacea? Although there is no cure, the symptoms can be managed. Rosacea can triggered by different things in different patients, so treatment differs accordingly. The doctor may prescribe drugs, such as antibiotics and tetracycline derivatives, topical preparations, or laser or intense pulsed light therapies. ...

Scar

What are scars? Scars are marks left on the skin after a wound or injury has healed. Visible scars remain on the skin when the deeper layers of your skin has been injured. The vast majority of minor lesions, such as lacerations, cuts, abrasions or burns, will not leave a scar. How does scarring happen? After a lesion or injury, the healing process consists of three phases: inflammation phase, proliferative phase and maturation phase. The inflammation phase takes place 48-72 hours right after a wound is made. The wound starts closing on its own with a blood clot and the new tissue starts growing. In the following three to six weeks, during the proliferative phase, the connective tissue builds up to close the wound. During the maturation phase, which can last a few months or a few years in the most severe cases, the deepest layers of the epidermis keep on repairing themselves. What influences the scar formation process? Scar healing is a highly individual process which can be influenced by several factors, so you should not take into account only the size and severity of a wound. For instance, age is really important: the older you are, the longer the wound healing process will be. However, even if you are in the age range of 10 to 30 years, an overproduction of connective tissue can compromise the wound healing process. Furthermore, people with a really pale or darker skin type may have more evident scars, as well as people suffering from a hormone imbalances, such as teenagers and pregnant women. The scar formation process is also influenced by the location of the wound: scars tend to form in parts of the body where the skin is tenser. Should there be any complications after a wound, such as chronic inflammation (acne), the risk of getting a scar will be much higher. Types of scars: Scars can be divided into hypertrophic scars, keloid scars and atrophic scars. Keloid and hypertrophic scars are mainly caused by an overproduction of connective tissue, which makes the scar grow outside of the original wound area. Keloid scars are much bigger than the original wound size and tend to be more invasive and persistent than hypertrophic scars. They tend to grow in areas where the skin is tense. People with a genetic predisposition and people with darker skin types can have much more visible scars. Atrophic scars or pitted scars are caused by a lack of collagen in the wounded area, creating a sunken recess on the skin. In this case, there is not enough connective tissue to repair the wound. They are particularly common in individuals with acne or chickenpox. ...

Seborrheic dermatitis

Seborrheic dermatitis is a skin disease characterised mainly by the appearance of white or yellowish scales on the body parts where more fat tissue can be found, such as the face, scalp or inside the ear. If seborrheic dermatitis affects babies, it is called cradle cap. Currently there is no known cause of seborrheic dermatitis. It seems to be hereditary but can also be caused by hormone levels, weak immune system, lack of nutrients or a fungus called Malassezia.     ...

Shingles (herpes zoster)

What is shingles? Shingles is a viral infection that causes a tender and painful rash which most commonly presents either on the right or left hand side of the torso. You can also get shingles on your face, eyes and genitals. Shingles is not life-threatening, but it can cause a lot of pain and discomfort. What are the symptoms of shingles? The first signs of shingles is usually a pain felt in the area of skin, a headache and generally feeling unwell. A few days after these symptoms, a rash will present. The shingles rash is red, blotchy and appears on just one side of your body. The red blotches turn into small, itchy blisters that ooze fluid. Eventually these blisters dry out and form little scabs. Even after the rash has gone, the area of skin affected can remain painful. The rash can take up to 4 weeks to heal. Other symptoms experienced with shingles include: fatigue sensitivity to light fever What causes shingles? Shingles is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which is the same virus that causes the chickenpox. Anyone who has had chickenpox can develop shingles as the virus stays in your nervous system, remaining dormant for years. If the virus reactivates, it moves along the nerve pathways resulting in shingles. Shingles is not contagious to people who have had chickenpox. For people who not had the chickenpox, exposure to shingles can cause them to come down with the chickenpox. This can be dangerous in older people, pregnant women, newborns and people with weakened immune systems. How can shingles be prevented? There are two vaccines that can help avoid shingles. The first is the chickenpox vaccine which is usually given to adults who have never had the chickenpox. This vaccine cannot guarantee you against the chickenpox, but it can significantly reduce your chances. The second preventative measure is the shingles vaccine. This is available in the UK to people over the age of 70 or 78. This vaccine proved to be ineffective on people aged over 80 however. Even if you do contract shingles after the vaccine, the symptoms will be much milder. For people with shingles, they should avoid work or school until the rash scabs over. How is shingles treated? To treat shingles, there are some techniques to relieve the discomfort, including: over-the-counter painkillers wearing loose-fitting clothing use cooling creams use a cool compress wrapped in a towel a few times a day There are also a couple of measures to avoid: do not let plasters pr dressings stick to the rash do not use antibiotic cream as this slows the healing process Although there is no cure for shingles, you can take anti-viral medication to reduce the risk of complications and to help the healing process. For people experiencing severe pain, prescription painkillers will be considered. ...

Skin allergies

Skin allergies are an immune reaction that is produced by the presence or contact with certain substances or products (allergens). Reactions can vary depending on the product that causes the allergy to the person: perfumes, lotions, cosmetics, flowers, foods. In addition, there are different types of skin allergies: food allergy, contact dermatitis, and atopy. The common symptoms that cause skin allergies are skin rashes, inflammation, redness, burning, pruritus or itching, but severe complications may occur depending on the case. It is therefore important to consult with a specialist when these symptoms appear and which are often sudden and sometimes can cause suffocation or choking and put the patient's health at risk. The treatment usually involves taking antihistamines to attack the allergy and its symptoms as a first step. But then it is recommended to perform allergy tests to identify the allergen that causes that reaction in the body and to be able to treat it directly. In most cases, avoiding the substances that cause the allergy is enough. ...

Skin fungus

What is skin fungus? Skin fungi are microorganisms that can cause several skin conditions. We all have fungi on our dermis and epidermis. They usually don’t usually cause any issues to our body, but sometimes they do. In some cases fungi can become infectious agents, thus posing a threat to our health. This can occur as a result of an impaired immune system, when the fungi can grow a colony on your skin. This fungal growth can lead to other conditions. That is why skin fungal infections are more common during the summer with high humidity, heat as well as in crowded places. There are two main sub-groups of skin fungi: Superficial mycoses (or cutaneous mycoses): they affect the surface of the skin, nails or mucosae; Subcutaneous mycoses: they extend deeper into the dermis. The most common types of skin fungi are: Dermatophytosis: it affects the nail and body hair (keratinised areas); Candidiasis: this fungus grows in the body’s most humid areas (groin, armpits or in between the fingers); Pityriasis versicolor: it causes flaky discoloured patches to appear on the neck, shoulders, chest, stomach, arms and face. What are the symptoms caused by skin fungus? The most common symptoms include: Dyschromia, or any disorder causing skin discolouration (ash-like and scaly white, red or brown patches); Alopecia areata; Itchy skin; Inflammation and irritation. How are skin fungus conditions diagnosed? Skin fungus can be diagnosed with: Dermatological visit with a specialist (this is often enough to get an accurate diagnosis); Should the diagnosis from the dermatologist be confirmed, the specialist will gather a sample from your skin, body hair or nails and send them to a laboratory for further testing; Lamp examination: a particular type of UV light determines the specific fluorescence of fungi. What causes them? Fungal infections can be caused by several factors, although they are often associated with impaired immune defences: Unhealthy diet; Poor hygiene; Stress; Hot temperatures; Excessive sweating; Wearing tight clothes; Taking immunosuppressants, antibiotics or corticosteroids for a long period of time; Suffering from an immune system compromising condition. How can skin fungus infections be prevented? Here are some steps you can take to prevent a fungal infection: Ensure you wear clean, breathable underwear made with natural fibres (e.g. cotton); Wear flip flops if you shower at the gym or at a public pool; Thoroughly dry yourself after showering and be extra careful with the most humid areas of the body; Avoid taking medications for too long. How are skin fungus problems treated? Treatments largely depend on what kind of fungal infection you have and how severe it is. The most common treatments are: Antifungal medications, to be applied directly on to the area of irritation; Oral antifungal medication, in the case of persistent infections; Corticosteroids, to help with the itching. Which doctor should I talk to? You should see a dermatologist as soon as possible, in order to accurately diagnose and adequately treat a fungal skin infection. ...

Skin infections

Cutaneous infections are skin diseases that are caused by the attack of different types of germs, which provoke a local reaction in which different cells and microorganisms present in the skin are destroyed. Initially, the affected area becomes inflamed and presents a reddish, stinging and burning sensation, which usually ends up causing an abscess and an ulcer on the skin, or a fistula. The most frequent infections can be classified according to their origin: bacterial, like staphylococcus or impetigo; viral, such as warts, molluscum contagiosum or herpes simplex; those caused by fungi, such as candida infections; or those caused by skin parasites such as scabies or lice. The treatment of cutaneous infections depends on the causes, although in most cases it will be necessary to clean the lesion with hydrogen peroxide or alcohol, and apply creams that contain antibiotics or take the antibiotics orally, as determined by the specialist. ...

Solar urticaria

Solar urticaria manifests with erythema and hives just a few minutes after exposure to sunlight (usually after 10 minutes). The first symptom is pruritus, followed by erythema and hives. These reactions usually disappear after about three hours. However, if the exposure to the sun is excessive, the symptoms can be intensified and can include headache, hypotension and even bronchospasm. It is classified in different types, according to the wave of light that provokes it. The treatment will depend on each case, but the use of sunscreens with a high protection factor is very important, as well as the use of suitable clothing that prevents the filtration of the sun's rays. The administration of medication for the most serious cases must be prescribed by a specialist....

Sun allergy

What is photosensitivity? Photosensitivity, commonly known as sun allergy, is the skin’s reaction to sun exposure. Symptoms may be different to other dermatological issues. Among the most common reactions, the following stand out:     Polymorphic light eruption (PLE); is more common in women and people who are fair, but it can affect men and people with dark skin. It appears as lumps and bumps a few hours after having sunbathed, it is most common on the face and neckline, but can also affect the back of the arms and the legs.     Solar urticaria; less common that the previous one, it tends to appear as large hives, similar to an insect bite. It affects both men and women and can appear on any area of the body. It appears minutes after exposure to natural sunlight or artificial light. Actinic prurigo; is a rare reaction to sunlight in which the skin thickens, it tends to affect the elderly.       What are the symptoms? The main symptoms of sun allergy are itching, pain, and skin redness that tend to appear a few hours or days after exposure. Some less common symptoms may appear, such as; headache, nausea, or chills.      Causes of photosensitivity The causes for photosensitivity remain unknown, although it is known that symptoms appear when there is prolonged exposure to UVA and / or UVB rays (particularly in spring and summer). It is one of the main primary idiopathic photodermatoses.     How can it be prevented?   To prevent sun allergy it is very important to protect your skin with sunscreen and wear appropriate clothing. People with sensitive skin are recommended to avoid using perfumes, deodorant, and cosmetics when in the sun. What is the treatment?   Treatment for photosensitivity mainly focuses on protecting yourself from the sun, although in more severe cases you may be prescribed antihistamines, corticosteroids, or antimalarials.   ...

Trichology

Trichology is the science that studies the diagnosis and treatment of alopecia, problems of hair, scalp and hair follicles, comprising dandruff among others. The head is one of the main areas of our body and is constantly subjected to different factors that can harm the health of our hair or scalp like the sun, hair styling products or other causes. Such factors can alter the nervous and vascular irrigation system of the head causing aging and early impoverishment of the skin and hair. The different techniques of trichology consist of treating the hair as an extension of the skin and improving its health. Trichology ...

Vitiligo

What is vitiligo? Vitiligo is a condition that consists of a progressive depigmentation of the skin in different areas of the body causing white spots. The depigmented areas of the skin can manifest themselves in different ways – either spread over the body or in specific locations (for example, only on one side of the body). Its appearance can arise at any age. What are the symptoms of vitiligo? The main and visible symptoms of vitiligo are white spots on the skin. These are more common in those areas more exposed to the sun such as hands, feet, arms, face or lips. Other areas may include the armpits, groin, eyes, nostrils, navel, genitals and rectal areas. Often people with this condition have grey hair prematurely and those with dark skin may notice a loss of colour inside their mouth. What causes vitiligo? This disease is caused by the destruction of certain cells known as melanocytes which are responsible for the creation of melanin, a pigment in the skin. Though the causes are not clear, vitiligo is associated with conditions of an autoimmune origin, such as Addison's disease or diabetes. Can vitiligo be prevented? Due to the lack of conclusive studies about the cause of vitiligo, there is no absolute way to prevent this disease. One way to try and prevent vitiligo is to avoid sun exposure, especially at times when the heat intensity is high. Applying sun lotion may help too. What is the treatment for vitiligo? Depending on the severity of each case - the number of spots, the rate of spread and the patient's preferences, the treatment will vary. Not all treatments are appropriate for all patients. A large number of treatment options may involve unexpected side effects, or may be prolonged and sometimes, without the desired results being achieved. There are certain medications that can be applied directly to the skin or taken orally oral, which can be combined with ultraviolet light to remove the white spots. Surgical treatments include skin grafts taken from the patient's own tissue. Tattoos have been used as well, especially for those who have small affected areas. Thirdly, using sun lotions can help, and using makeup or dyes to cover the white spots. ...

Warts

What are warts? Warts are hard growths that can occur in various areas of the body, caused by a viral infection. They are more frequent in children and teenagers and are usually benignant formations (not cancerous ones). Warts aren’t normally painful. Healing takes from a few weeks to six months with adequate treatment. There are several types of warts. The most common ones are: Common warts: these usually occur on the fingers, hands, elbows, and knees; Flat warts: most common on the face, arms, and knees; Plantar warts: they are usually found on the soles of the feet. Plantar warts can be painful, as they are continuously rubbed and under pressure; Mosaic warts: these commonly occur under the toes; Filiform warts: thread- or finger-like warts often occurring on the face; Condylomas or genital warts: sexually transmitted warts, most common in the genital area. Prognosis Warts are usually innocuous and heal after a couple of weeks. However, in some cases they should be removed to avoid potential complications (such as skin melanoma). What are the symptoms? Warts can appear weeks or months after contagion. They are usually rough and fairly small growths of variable shape. In some cases, small and dark dots can be seen within a wart. Although is not common, warts can cause pain, itching and bleeding. How are they diagnosed? A dermatological examination with a specialist is usually enough to confirm the presence of warts. Your doctor may also request a skin biopsy: in that case, the wart is removed and sent to a laboratory for analysis. What causes them? Warts are caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). There’s a higher chance of contagion if your skin is damp or wet, or if you have a small lesion (such as a cut) on your skin. Warts can be transmitted in the following ways: Contact with the skin of somebody who has HPV; Contact with contaminated surfaces (the floor of a pool, common showers, at the gym); Sharing personal hygiene objects, such as towels or razors; If you already have a wart, you may spread it to other areas of your body by touching it. How can they be prevented? You should: Use rubber flip flops in the changing room and common showers at the gym; Thoroughly disinfect lesions of the skin; Wash your hands multiple times a day. If you have a wart, you should cover it with a plaster when going to higher-risk places (such as the pool or the gym) to avoid spreading it to other areas of your body or to other people. You should also avoid touching the wart and sharing your personal hygiene objects. How are they treated? Warts usually disappear on themselves in 6 to 24 months, especially in children. However, this is not always the case for adults, so if you have a wart you may need to have it removed, because autonomous healing could take much longer. The following treatments are not always conclusive, as the wart could be recurrent or occur in other areas of your body. Should new warts appear, even if you’ve been treating them, this could mean that the viral cells of the old warts have spread to other parts of your body. In this case, you should see your dermatologist again. The most common treatments are: Cryotherapy: liquid nitrogen is used to freeze the warts. This procedure can be carried out at home, with products that can be bought at your local pharmacy; Cantharidin: by applying this compound directly on the wart, it will die out and the doctor will remove it after a couple of days; Electrodesiccation: electricity is used to heat up the affected area until the wart dies. This procedure is often associated with curettage, which consists in removing the wart by cutting it with a scalpel or by scraping it off with a spoon-like instrument; Laser treatment: this procedure ensures a highly precise intervention on the affected area, without compromising neighbouring tissues; Keratolysis: this exfoliation method destroys the wart, by using specific medications which can also be applied at home. Which doctor should I talk to? Dermatologists are generally the specialists who treat and remove warts.  ...

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