Mr Manoj Sood: orthopaedic surgeon in Central London
Mr Manoj Sood

Mr Manoj Sood
Orthopaedic surgery hip, knee and sports
Central London


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Mr Manoj Sood Orthopaedic surgery hip, knee and sports in
London
Harpenden &
Bedford

BSc(Hons) BM FRCS(Eng) FRCS(Tr. & Orth.)

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Mr Manoj Sood areas of expertise:

Professional statement

Mr Manoj Sood is one of London's leading and experienced Specialist Hip & Knee Surgeons. He has a passion for excellence in diagnosis and treatment and is a known expert in Hip and Knee joint replacement including complex and revision cases.  He provides clear treatment advice to his patients and offers the whole spectrum of treatment options, including biological treatments.

Mr Manoj Sood has performed over 4000 arthroscopic (“key-hole”) Knee procedures, over 2000 Hip and Knee joint replacements and over 250 revision (re-do) replacements. He has a keen interest in the treatment of Sports injuries and tendinopathies and is part of The Tendon Pain Clinic in Harley Street, a specialist clinic. His is also dedicated to education and training serving as Honorary Senior Lecturer at the University of Hertfordshire and is particularly focused on teaching surgical decision-making and the complex technical aspects of surgery. He is a subeditor for the Journal of Arthroscopy and Joint Surgery and a reviewer for Hip International.

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 Credentials

GMC: 3668953

 Professional experience

• More than 25 years of experience
• Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Platinum Medical Centre, Wellington Hospital (present)
• Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, 9 Harley Street Clinic (present)
• Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, The Tendon Pain Clinic, 9 Harley Street (present)
• Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Spire Harpenden Hospital (present)

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 Sub-specialties

• Knee Surgery
• Hip Surgery
• Sports injury treatment
• Tendon problems

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 Positions in public associations

• Sub-Editor, Journal of Arthroscopy and Joint Surgery (Elsevier)
• Reviewer for Hip International
• Expert Consultant, Arthritis Care Charity
• Examiner for the Royal College of Surgeons of England
• Court Member, University of Hertfordshire

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 Teaching posts

• Honorary Senior Lecturer, Postgraduate School of Medicine University, Hertfordshire (2014 - present)
• Honorary Senior Lecturer, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, (2004 - 2007)
• Clinical Lecturer, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust (2003)

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 Education

• Speciality Examination in Trauma and Orthopaedics (2002)
• Fellow of The Royal College Of Surgeons of England (FRSC Eng.) (1996)
• Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS), London (1992)
• Bachelor of Science (BSc), London (1989)
• Trained at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital Medical School (University of London)
• Trained at Kings College London
• Trained at Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore
• Trained at The Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, USA
• Trained at Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada

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 Prizes and awards

• NHS Clinical Excellence Award Level 1 (2010)
• NHS Clinical Excellence Award Level 2 (2015)

 Professional membership

• Fellow of The British Orthopaedic Association
• Fellow of The Royal College of Surgeons of England
• International Associate Member of American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
• Member of British Medical Association
• Fellow of The Royal Society of Medicine

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Languages spoken

  • English

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Diseases, Medical Tests and Treatments

Anterior cruciate ligament

The anterior cruciate ligament is one of the major ligaments of the knee, located between the femur and tibia. Its function is to provide stability an ...

Hip replacement surgery

This surgery replaces all, or part of the hip joint with an artificial joint, which is called a prosthesis. The hip joint consists of two main parts, ...

Knee cartilage replacement

Knee cartilage replacement is used to replace damaged areas of cartilage as a result of certain injuries. This procedure is often used for cartilage d ...

Knee replacement

Knee replacement is the replacement of the joint with a piece of synthetic material through surgical intervention, recommended in cases in which the j ...

Sports injuries

Sports injuries occur due to bad habits during training, improper use of equipment, lack of warm-up exercises, or insufficient stretching. The most common sports injuries are sprains or strains of ligaments, muscle and tendon tears, knee injuries, muscle swelling, injury to the Achilles’ tendon, shin pain, fractures or dislocations, among other conditions. Treatment varies depending on the severity of the injury, and can include either physical therapy or surgery. ...

Tendon injuries

Tendon injuries, or tendinopathies occur when repetitive overloading causes small fibre breakage. They are classified as tendinitis when it is a mild inflammation, or tendinosis when it is worse than that.   ...

Achilles tendon

What is the Achilles tendon? The Achilles tendon, also known as the calcaneal tendon, is the tendon that connects the calf muscle on the back of the leg to the heel bone. It is a tough band of fibrous tissue that allows the calf muscle to move the foot and is essential for walking, running and jumping. It is the strongest and largest tendon in the body, allowing it to withstand the tension caused by movement and to bear the weight of the rest of the body. In spite of this strength, the constant high tensions it endures and its limited blood supply mean that it can suffer from several injuries and conditions.   What conditions affect the Achilles tendon? Achilles tendinopathy – tendinopathy is a general term for diseases of a tendon. Achilles tendinopathy encompasses Achilles tendonitis and tendinosis. Achilles tendonitis – an inflammatory condition caused by gradual wear and tear of the Achilles tendon due to repetitive strain or sometimes by a sudden injury. It usually manifests as pain and/or stiffness at the back of the heel where the tendon connects to it. It can take weeks or even months to heal. The RICE technique (rest, ice, compression, elevation) may help to speed up recovery, but sometimes further treatment, such as physical therapy or even surgery in certain long-term cases may be required. Achilles tendinosis – a gradual thickening and stiffening of the Achilles tendon with no apparent inflammation. Although it becomes thicker, the tendon is actually left more vulnerable to injury due to micro-tears caused by repetitive action. Symptoms include long-term pain, similar to tendonitis. Tendinosis is degenerative. Achilles tendon rupture – a severe injury, the tendon actually snaps, causing excruciating pain and permanent disability if left untreated. Ruptures are uncommon, occurring more often in middle-aged and older people, as in younger people, the muscles tend to tear before the tendons do. Achilles tendon ruptures may result from direct trauma, landing awkwardly after a fall or jump, or strenuous physical activity if you are not physically conditioned for it. You may hear or feel a pop and will likely be unable to bear weight with the affected foot. You should head for the emergency room immediately if this occurs. Treatment may involve the RICE procedure, immobilising the foot for 4-8 weeks, or reattaching the tendon surgically. Achilles peritendonitis – similar to tendonitis, but the inflammation affects the tissue around the tendon a few inches above the heel, rather than the tendon itself. Achilles bursitis – the bursa is a sac of fluid that cushions the tendon where it meets the heel. This can be irritated, for example by low-riding shoes, which can cause pain. Medical tests to diagnose problems with the Achilles tendon There are several ways to test for Achilles tendon issues: Physical examination – most cases are diagnosed by the doctor physically examining the patient’s leg and heel, checking for pain, swelling, warmth, discolouration, thickening, or the presence of knots or lumps along the tendon. Thompson test – the patient lies on their stomach while the doctor squeezes their calf. The foot should move down in response if the tendon is attached. If not, it may indicate a rupture. MRI – magnetic resonance imaging scans can show detailed images of the condition of the tendon, and is useful for diagnosing ruptures. It may not be able to show tendinitis or tendinosis, however. Ultrasound – these scans use sound waves to create images and can often identify ruptures. CT scan – multiple X-rays are taken to scan the patient. However, MRIs are superior in identifying Achilles tendon problems, so CTs are used less frequently for this end.   Which type of specialist treats the Achilles tendon? Orthopaedic surgeons, particularly those specialising in foot and ankle problems deal with all sorts of conditions affecting the Achilles tendon. ...

Arthritis

What is arthritis? Arthritis is a disease that causes inflammation of the membrane that covers the joints. There are more than 100 different types of arthritis, but the most common are: Osteoarthritis: the most common type of arthritis. It usually starts with age and affects the fingers, knees and hips. In some cases, it develops in areas where there was a previous hit or injury. Inflammatory arthritis: There are many types of inflammatory arthritis, the most common of which is rheumatoid arthritis, which occurs when the body's defenses do not work properly. It affects both joints and bones, often in the hands and feet.   What are the symptoms of arthritis? The symptoms of arthritis can be: Joint pain Joint inflammation Redness and heat of the skin around the joint Decreased ability to move the joint Joint stiffness, especially in the morning   What are the causes of arthritis? This pathology can be a consequence of: Bone fracture Autoimmune disease Infection by bacteria or viruses Joint wear Crystals (such as uric acid or calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate)   Can arthritis be prevented? Joint damage can be prevented with timely and adequate diagnosis and treatment. Also, if someone has a family history it is important to talk with the doctor, even if s/he does not have any symptoms. It is also recommended to avoid repetitive and excessive movements to prevent osteoarthritis.   What is the treatment for arthritis? The treatment aims to alleviate the symptoms and prevent the disease from getting worse. The treatment can be covered by several aspects: Lifestyle changes: this is the preferred treatment, since exercises help to reduce pain and fatigue, relieve stiffness and improve muscle and bone strength. The doctor can also recommend physiotherapy. Other measures may include sleeping 8-10 hours a day, not staying in the same position for a long time, eating a healthy diet, avoiding alcohol and tobacco, among others. Medicine: can be added to the changes in lifestyle. Surgery: is performed if the other treatment methods have not worked. The main intervention is arthroplasty, which consists of replacing the affected joint with an artificial one. ...

Arthroplasty

Joints are continually exposed to multiple injuries, so it may be necessary to perform an arthroplasty. Arthroplasty is a surgical operation that is performed to restore mobility and the joint's normal function. ...

Bursitis

Bursitis is inflammation or painful irritation of a sac, called bursa, located in places where there are friction points, such as muscles, tendons or bones. The function of these sacs is to aid the normal movement of the joints and to avoid friction between them. Bursitis may affect the shoulders (shoulder bursitis), knees, hips, pelvis, elbows, toes and heels. The causes of bursitis can include excessive use of a joint, wounds, rheumatoid arthritis, gout or infections. The characteristic symptoms of bursitis are pain and inability to perform certain exercises or movements. It may appear suddenly or progressively, something that the patient notices by movement and touch, because the skin surrounding the bursa is more sensitive. There are two types of bursitis: acute or chronic. In the acute one, the affected joint acquires a reddish colour and it is hot to the touch. It is painful and usually causes an infection or gout. In chronic bursitis, there is swelling and pain and decreases the usual movement, causing muscle atrophy and motor weakness. In most cases, bursitis disappears without any specific treatment. ...

Chondrocalcinosis

Chondrocalcinosis is the excessive accumulation of calcium crystals in the bones. The condition affects mostly the knees, although it is also common in other joints and bones. Normally it does not cause any symptoms or discomfort in the patients, therefore it is discovered when the patient has an x-ray. The main evidence of chondrocalcinosis is the existence of a white line in the cavities at the ends of the bone....

Ganglion or cyst

Ganglions or cysts are benign lumps that often grow without a specific cause in the hand and wrist. These cysts can be especially painful just at the time of their appearance or by the constant use of the hand. Ganglions may vary in size and may also disappear completely spontaneously. Before opting for a treatment, the doctor usually observes their evolution to avoid intervention. But if the ganglion is painful, you could aspirate the fluid with a needle or use a splint to prevent the movement of the hand. If these treatments fail, surgery should be used to remove the cyst, although it should be noted that these cysts may reappear. ...

Hip arthroscopy

Hip arthroscopy is a minimally-invasive surgery technique that allows the surgeon to see and work directly inside the joint with small incisions in the skin, less than one centimetre in size. The intervention is performed under general anaesthesia and after its completion, it is possible that the patient may feel discomfort, oedema and numbness in the pelvic area for a few hours or days. ...

Hip pain

Hip pain is all the pain localised on the hip or around it. It can be caused by a fracture, bone infection or joint pain or arthritis.

Hip prosthesis

Hip prosthesis is a major surgery technique that involves replacing the damaged hip with an artificial joint. The characteristics of the materials used in this type of prosthesis allow mobility similar to that of the human joint. The materials used in these implants include: various metals such as stainless steel, cobalt, chromium and titanium alloys; plastic, usually polyethylene, a very durable and friction wear-resistant material. Hip replacement is recommended in cases of osteoarthritis of the joint or rheumatoid arthritis.  ...

Knee arthroscopy

Arthroscopic knee surgery is a minimally invasive surgical technique for accessing the interior of the joint through small holes in the skin. Through a small calibre lens the specialist can see inside the knee in order to treat various injuries. Knee arthroscopy is used to remove or repair broken menisci cartilage, for broken anterior cruciate ligament injuries, to cut broken pieces of articular cartilage, to remove loose fragments of bone or cartilage, or to remove inflamed synovial tissue. Recovery from knee arthroscopy is much faster than traditional surgery. The patient should then exercise his knee regularly for several weeks. ...

Knee Osteoarthritis

Knee osteoarthritis is the wear of the cartilage lining the joint bones (femur, tibia, fibula and patella). It is the most frequent type of osteoarthritis because the knee supports the weight and the weight of the items carried when we stand or when we travel. The cartilage serves to prevent rubbing of the bones in the knee movements, prohibiting slip and cushioning the blows. Wear over the years and aging of cartilage is what causes osteoarthritis. The main symptom of patients with knee osteoarthritis is pain. The treatment includes rehabilitation exercises and a medication to alleviate symptoms of the disease. Furthermore, in obese patients it is necessary to follow a diet to lose weight. ...

Medial collateral ligament

The medial collateral ligament of the knee is one of the ligaments that support the joint, and limit the movement from side to side. It runs from the inside of the bottom of the thighbone to the inside of the top of the shin bone, i.e. joins the femur to the tibia. The main injuries affecting this area are the medial collateral ligament sprain and rupture of the medial collateral ligament, usually caused by trauma to the knee when it is in a flexed position or external rotation and valgus (outward deflection by congenital malformation). Another complication affecting this ligament is the Pellegrini-Stieda syndrome, which is the ossification of the medial collateral ligament of the knee. ...

Meniscus

Meniscus is cartilage located within the knee, both on the inside (medial meniscus) and outer (lateral meniscus), which dampen the shock between the femur and the tibia. The menisci of the knee are the structures most susceptible to damage in that area, especially in sports like football. The medial meniscus is more prone to injury than the lateral meniscus, and is connected to the medial collateral ligament and the joint capsule, so that it is less mobile. Treatment of broken medial meniscus may involve surgery, depending on the patient. In case of surgery, only the damaged part of the meniscus is cut by arthroscopy. ...

Muscle injuries

Muscle injuries are painful muscles level produced normally by excessive stress or external blow, usually during sports abnormalities. They are lesions that cover many types and may be ligament, joint or muscle-ligament combination muscle or ligament-articular. Triggers muscle injuries can be internal (nutrition, electrolyte balance, glycogen stores, no heating or lack of stretching), or external, due to heavy loads, repetitive movements, shock, poorly healed injuries, stances erroneous, etc. They can be classified, in turn, depending by shortening or elongation. The former include muscle inflammation delayed effect ( "stiffness"), contractures (workload in a muscle resulting in muscle rigidity) and cramps (painful and involuntary contractions of one or more muscles, being more durable than contractures and are common with fatigue). Instead, muscle injuries elongation are strains (when a muscle is subjected to overtensioning and tearing occurs), contusions (impact of a body in the muscle, and when it hits the bone causes a "bleeding" call hematoma ), fibrillar tears (fiber breakage because of the severe muscle fatigue or strong trauma), and total tears (case same as above but more serious as rupture of the muscle fibers is complete, affecting also blood) vessels. ...

Orthopaedic surgery

Orthopaedic surgery treats muscular, bone and joint system disorders, and also the ligaments and tendons. It applies medical and surgical methods to treat illnesses of the musculoskeletal system. ...

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease that affects the joints and cartilage. As cartilage breaks down and pain sets in, the bone reacts by growing on either side of the cartilage and becoming deformed.  ...

Osteotomy

What is an osteotomy? An osteotomy is a surgical procedure, carried out using general anaesthesia, that repairs damaged joints by cutting and reshaping the bones.  An osteotomy can be performed on the following joints: Knee Hip Spine Jaw Chin Big toe Why is an osteotomy done? An osteotomy will fix problems experienced in different bones and joints. Knee – if the kneecap is misaligned or damaged from arthritis then a knee osteotomy cuts either the tibia or femur to take pressure of the damaged knee joint. Hip – the hip socket is reshaped so that the socket aligns better with the ball of the joint. Spine – a wedge of spinal bone can be removed to improve a hunched back. Jaw – in misaligned jaws, a lower jaw osteotomy can reposition the jaw. Chin – an osteotomy can narrow a very square chin. Most often this is performed by plastic surgeons. Big toes – a wedge of bone is removed to prevent the big toe obstructing your other toes. What does an osteotomy involve? Due to the complexity of an osteotomy, a hospital stay will be required. General anaesthesia is used, meaning you are asleep during the operation. The surgeons makes an incision over the area of bone that is being remodelled. Using a special surgical saw, a section of bone will be removed. The cut edges of bone are then secured together with metal hardware or special bone grafts. For a bone graft, a wedge of bone is usually taken from the pelvis, and it is secured with metal hardware. How do you prepare for an osteotomy? Before surgery you won’t be able to eat or drink and certain medications will have to be stopped. You will receive special instructions from your specialist.  Aftercare following an osteotomy You can expect to stay in hospital for a couple of nights. Depending on the type of osteotomy performed, crutches are likely to be needed for a couple of months. Full rehabilitation can take up to 6 months. In most cases, physical therapy exercises will be needed to help restore strength, stability and movement to the bones. Alternatives to an osteotomy An osteotomy is often an alternative to larger surgical procedures, such as hip and knee replacements which are serious operations with very lengthy recovery times, and often revision surgeries too. Discussing your treatment options with your specialist is essential in making a treatment decision.  ...

Patellar luxation

The patellar luxation is a common lesion in the knee joint. It occurs when the kneecap is dislocated from its normal position in the groove of the femur. This may be a total or partial dislocation....

Plantar fasciitis

Plantar fasciitis is the inflammation of the plantar fascia, which is the ligament that connects the heel bone to the toes. People more at risk of developing fasciitis are those who play sports very often, obese people, patients with tight Achilles tendon, or those with problems in the arch of the foot. Generally, this injury causes pain and stiffness in the bottom of the heel, although the sole can also ache or burn. The treatment involves medication, stretching the heel and toe, night splints, rest and wearing proper shoes. However, in some cases the patient requires surgery. ...

Second medical opinion

What is a second medical opinion? A second medical opinion is when you consult with a doctor that is not your regular doctor about a potential diagnosis and/or treatment plan. There is no legal right to a second opinion, however, it is rare for a doctor to refuse. Why would you get a second medical opinion? Patients may consider a second medical opinion if they are facing a new diagnosis or recommended treatment because sometimes this can feel confusing and a second opinion can put their mind at ease. In addition, there are certain situations where a second medical opinion is sought after: Potential treatment is risky and could be life-changing or the diagnosis is possibly life-threatening The diagnosis is not clear-cut If you are considering a new treatment approach that is experimental The aims of obtaining a second medical opinion are: To confirm whether a diagnosis is correct and/or appropriate. To confirm whether a suggested treatment is correct and/or appropriate. To compare information received from each doctor so that you can make an informed decision – sometimes a second medical opinion can rule out the need for a potentially unnecessary invasive procedure. Possible disadvantages of seeking a second medical opinion include: The process can delay the start of treatment. Logistically, seeing another specialist might be difficult and possibly time-consuming. It might be stressful to hear the same diagnosis again. How would you seek a second medical opinion? You can request a second medical opinion from your GP or consultant, but before doing so it is recommended that you ask for as much clarification and explanation about the initial diagnosis and treatment, before seeking a second opinion. Obtaining a second medical opinion does not mean that the second doctor will then take over – if that is what the patient decides, then this needs to be agreed formally between doctors and hospitals.  ...

Shoulder tendonitis

Shoulder tendonitis means inflammation of a tendon, in which micro cracks and areas of necrosis appear. Shoulder tendonitis can affect the long head of the brachial biceps and muscles called the rotator cuff: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis. The main causes of this injury include age, repetitive movements in certain work activities or throwing sports, and poor blood supply to the tendons of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles, a fact that favours degenerative processes. Symptoms of shoulder tendonitis are inflammatory pain, pressure on the tendon, pain when performing active movements of the shoulder and pain upon stretching the muscle tendon. The appropriate treatment for shoulder tendonitis is physiotherapy. ...

Sport growth factors

Sport growth factors is an innovative technique for treating injuries that has become popular thanks to its use in elite sport. Growth factors are proteins that are found in our blood and that have the ability to accelerate the regeneration of tissues. It consists of drawing blood from the patient and centrifuging it, to isolate a platelet rich fraction from the plasma. These are activated to release the proteins, which are then injected through an infiltration into the areas to be treated. By infiltrating the lesion, it accelerates and improves the process of cell regeneration and shortens the recovery time, in some cases by half. Sport growth factors can be used in any injured tissue. Thus, they are used in cases of tendonitis, muscle injuries, fractures or cartilage lesions. The number of infiltrations depends on the type of injury, but the time interval between them should not exceed 21 days. ...

Sport Medicine

Sports medicine is a specialty that evaluates the aptitude for sport.

Sport orthopaedic

Sport orthopaedic involves the study and treatment of injuries sustained in sports. These can occur violently, due to accidents or excessive training, technical deficiencies, lack of fitness, among other causes. ...

Sport surgery

What is sports surgery? If a person sustains an injury during exercise, sports participation or any type of physical activity, depending on the severity of the injury, they may be advised by a sports medicine specialist to see an orthopaedic surgeon for treatment. Surgery is normally the last resort for amateur sportsmen and is more common amongst professional athletes. Surgery is likely if a person has sustained a serious injury or as a result of persistent symptoms that were not successful following the use of other treatments prior to the operation.   What are the common sports injuries treated? Sports surgery can repair damaged soft tissue, realign bones and joints. However, not all injuries require surgery. A sports medicine doctor may treat the following injuries sustained through physical activity:   Sprained ankles  Hip Bursitis Fractures  Knee and shoulder injuries Tendonitis Low back pain Pulled muscles Concussion Cartilage injuries The most common sports injuries are strains and sprains, which is when the ligaments have been stretched past their limits and have resulted in a tear.   What are the different types of surgical procedures in sports surgery? Many sports injuries are treated using keyhole surgery. This involves the surgeon making a small incision and using a tiny camera to guide them during the procedure. This type of surgery is most common with knee injuries and is known as arthroscopy.   How can sports injuries be prevented to avoid sports surgery? Even though it is recommended to exercise regularly as an important part of maintaining overall health, precautions should be taken to minimise the risk of injuries. Sports injuries occur from overtraining, lack of conditioning and poor technique. The following tips can be used as a preventative for sports injuries:   Use the correct equipment Always warm-up before Wear the right protective gear Rest in between workouts to allow the body time to rest and repair Start exercising slowly and gradually increase strength, flexibility and endurance Listen to the body if it shows any signs of pain or distress   What happens after a sports surgery procedure? Recovery from an operation for a sports injury depends on the severity and the individual case. Most injuries require a long rest period following surgery on an affected joint, muscle or soft tissue. Physiotherapy is used to rebuild strength and to increase the range of movement around the joint or muscle. It will also help to condition the injury to make it more resistant to any future complications. ...

Tendinopathy

What is tendinopathy? Tendinopathy is an umbrella term for diseases of the tendons. Tendons are fibrous cords of tissue that hold muscles to bone, and in order to do their job, they must be strong and flexible. Despite this, they can be injured due to overuse. Tendinopathy broadly refers to three varieties of tendon injury, and is often confused with, or used synonymously with them. They are: Tendonitis/tendinitis – inflammation of a tendon, usually due to acute injury caused by overuse or repetitive strain. Tendinosis – chronic tendon injury with little or no inflammation, involving micro-tears in the affected tendon. Tendinosis causes long-term pain and is degenerative. Paratenonitis – inflammation of the outer sheath (paratenon) that surrounds certain tendons, such as the Achilles. There is some debate as to whether this should be considered separate from tendonitis. All of these conditions increase the risk of a more serious tendon tear, or rupture.   What are the symptoms of tendinopathy? The common symptom of all types of tendinopathy is pain in or around the tendon, most commonly in the place where it attaches to the bone. Other symptoms depend on the type of tendinopathy – for example, tendonitis is characterised by inflammation, including heat, swelling and redness, while tendinosis is a chronic ache, pain or stiffness without much, if any inflammation. The pain is usually worse during and after activity, and the area around the joint can be stiffer the following day. There are tendons in many parts of our bodies, and tendinopathy can occur in any of them. It most commonly strikes in tendons such as those in the arms, shoulder, hands, and the Achilles tendon (in the heel).   What causes tendinopathy? It is thought that the biggest factor in most tendinopathies is overuse, although there are many theories regarding other possible factors, such as thermal damage and load-induced ischemia. Both sudden bursts of exertion leading to injury and repetitive movements are thought to be the main causes of tendonitis, and obesity is thought to be a risk factor. In the case of calcific tendonitis, calcium deposits in the tendon are the cause of the inflammation, but why they build up in the first place is not fully understood.   How can tendinopathy be prevented? While it is impossible to prevent with 100% certainty, the best way to prevent tendinopathy is to look after your muscles and tendons by not over-exerting yourself, but keeping them strong and flexible by doing exercise. Warming up before exercise and cooling down afterwards by stretching your muscles is also recommended.   What is the treatment? The treatment may depend on the kind of tendinopathy, but in most mild cases the RICE therapy is advised: Rest until the injury improves Ice – apply cold Compress the injury with a bandage or brace Elevate – keep the injured tendon raised while at rest. Painkillers may be prescribed to deal with the pain – particularly NSAIDs if there is inflammation. In more severe cases, shockwave therapy or even surgery may be necessary. ...

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