Mr Manoj Sood

Mr Manoj Sood
Orthopaedic surgery hip, knee and sports
Central London


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Mr Manoj Sood

Orthopaedic surgery hip, knee and sports in
London
Harpenden &
Bedford

BSc(Hons) BM FRCS(Eng) FRCS(Tr. & Orth.)

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Mr Manoj Sood areas of expertise:

Professional statement

Mr Manoj Sood is one of London's leading and experienced Specialist Hip & Knee Surgeons. He has a passion for excellence in diagnosis and treatment and is a known expert in Hip and Knee joint replacement including complex and revision cases.  He provides clear treatment advice to his patients and offers the whole spectrum of treatment options, including biological treatments.

Mr Manoj Sood has performed over 4000 arthroscopic (“key-hole”) Knee procedures, over 2000 Hip and Knee joint replacements and over 250 revision (re-do) replacements. He has a keen interest in the treatment of Sports injuries and tendinopathies and is part of The Tendon Pain Clinic in Harley Street, a specialist clinic. His is also dedicated to education and training serving as Honorary Senior Lecturer at the University of Hertfordshire and is particularly focused on teaching surgical decision-making and the complex technical aspects of surgery. He is a subeditor for the Journal of Arthroscopy and Joint Surgery and a reviewer for Hip International.

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 Credentials

GMC: ‍3668953

 Professional experience

• More than 25 years of experience
• Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Platinum Medical Centre, Wellington Hospital (present)
• Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, 9 Harley Street Clinic (present)
• Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, The Tendon Pain Clinic, 9 Harley Street (present)
• Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Spire Harpenden Hospital (present)

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 Sub-specialties

• Knee Surgery
• Hip Surgery
• Sports injury treatment
• Tendon problems

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 Positions in public associations

• Sub-Editor, Journal of Arthroscopy and Joint Surgery (Elsevier)
• Reviewer for Hip International
• Expert Consultant, Arthritis Care Charity
• Examiner for the Royal College of Surgeons of England
• Court Member, University of Hertfordshire

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 Teaching posts

• Honorary Senior Lecturer, Postgraduate School of Medicine University, Hertfordshire (2014 - present)
• Honorary Senior Lecturer, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, (2004 - 2007)
• Clinical Lecturer, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust (2003)

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 Education

• Speciality Examination in Trauma and Orthopaedics (2002)
• Fellow of The Royal College Of Surgeons of England (FRSC Eng.) (1996)
• Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS), London (1992)
• Bachelor of Science (BSc), London (1989)
• Trained at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital Medical School (University of London)
• Trained at Kings College London
• Trained at Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore
• Trained at The Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, USA
• Trained at Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada

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 Prizes and awards

• NHS Clinical Excellence Award Level 1 (2010)
• NHS Clinical Excellence Award Level 2 (2015)

 Professional membership

• Fellow of The British Orthopaedic Association
• Fellow of The Royal College of Surgeons of England
• International Associate Member of American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
• Member of British Medical Association
• Fellow of The Royal Society of Medicine

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Languages spoken

  • English

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Diseases, Medical Tests and Treatments

Anterior cruciate ligament

What is the anterior cruciate ligament? The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a bundle of collagen fibres that extends obliquely between the femu ...

Hip replacement surgery

This surgery replaces all, or part of the hip joint with an artificial joint, which is called a prosthesis. The hip joint consists of two main parts, ...

Knee cartilage replacement

What is knee cartilage replacement? Knee cartilage replacement involves the replacement of parts of the cartilage that have been damaged as a resul ...

Knee replacement

What is knee replacement surgery? Knee replacement surgery is a procedure that involves removing and replacing a damaged or worn knee joint with an ...

Sports injuries

What are sports injuries? Competitive and non-competitive sports injuries are injuries that occur in athletic activities or whilst exercising. Whilst some of these happen by chance, others are facilitated by inadequate practice or poor execution in terms of technique, as well as by not using sports equipment correctly. Sports injuries mainly consist of muscle injuries or joint and ligament injuries: Dislocations; Muscle injuries (sprains, pulled muscle, cramps); Knee or ankle sprain; Back injuries  Bone fractures; Tendon injuries. Prognosis: The outlook of a sports injury greatly depends on what caused it and its severity. Imaging tests (ultrasound, MRI scan) can rule out structural injuries and help to assess the severity of the injury itself. Furthermore, based on the results, the specialist can estimate how long it will take for you to recover and get back to sports, as well as your risk of getting injured again. What are the symptoms? The symptoms of a sports injury depend on how big and how severe the injury is. They usually are: Immediate onset of pain; Stiffness of the affected muscle; Swelling; Bruising; Increased sensitivity of the affected area; A feeling of heat emanating from the affected area; Decrease in range of motion. How are they diagnosed? Sports injuries, especially muscular ones, can be diagnosed with a physical examination. The following tests may be prescribed to get further insight on where the injury is and how severe it is: X-ray scan; Computed tomography (CT) scan; Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan; Ultrasound scan; Bone density scans. What causes them? As an example, the main risk factors for a football injury are: Not having exercised enough; Muscle fatigue; Age; Cold or wet weather; Poorly maintained training field; Quicker execution and overall rhythm of the game; Doing a movement too fast; A different or new training technique; Stumbling upon another player; Playing too fast or too slowly, without having warmed up adequately; Inadequate training program; Poor execution; Eating an unhealthy diet; Not resting enough. How can they be prevented? The main preventive measures are: Ensure you warm-up adequately; Eat a healthy diet; Stay hydrated; Use proper equipment; Wear good sportswear and shoes. How are they treated? Treatment largely depends on how severe the injury is. It usually consists of physical therapy, surgery, applying ice packs, taking painkillers or anti-inflammatory medications and bed rest. Which doctor should I talk to? You should see a specialist in sports medicine, but you may also be treated by physiotherapists and orthopaedic surgeons, depending on your treatment plan and injury. ...

Tendon injuries

What are tendon injuries? Tendon injuries, also known as tendinopathies, happen when there is an overload that causes small fibres to tear. When the affected muscles or joints are put under pressure, it causes tendon inflammation which reduces blood flow and can lead to nerve compression. When there is a mild inflammation it is referred to as tendonitis. It is called tendinosis if there is tendon degeneration. Tendon injuries are common in sports. Injury location will depend on the sport. Some common tendon injuries include: Achilles tendon: in the heel, it is common among professional athletes. It causes inflammation, pain, and swelling. Patellar tendon: in the knee, it is more common in women. Exercising is important to avoid discomfort. Supraspinatus tendon: in the shoulder, as it is a fragile area, and recovery tends to take longer. This is usually the tendon affected in rotator cuff injuries. Lateral epicondyle tendon: in the elbow, most commonly known as tennis elbow. It is common amongst tennis players, but can happen in other professions too. Prognosis: Tendon injuries do not tend to be a serious condition, providing adequate treatment is given. Tendon injuries may be: Acute: less than two weeks Subacute: between three to six weeks Chronic: more than six weeks What are the symptoms? The symptoms of tendon injuries vary according to their location. There are several common symptoms, including: Pain and tenderness when moving the tendon or joint Stiffness at night or upon waking Inflammation Heat and redness Hearing or feeling a crack when moving the tendon Thickening of the tendon (in some cases). Medical tests: A physical examination is normally enough to identify the affected tendon and the seriousness of the injury. However, in some cases the specialist may carry out other tests to have a closer look, these may be an ultrasound or an MRI scan. What causes tendon injuries? Some of the most common causes include: Not warming up before exercise Sports injuries Repetitive movements or overexertion Physical changes (such as postural dysfunction and many more) A bad movement, especially when exercising Inadequate training equipment Metabolic dysfunctions or poor hydration How can tendon injuries be prevented? There are different tips that can be followed to avoid this kind of injury. It is important to take care when lifting heavy loads to avoid pushing the tendon beyond its limit. A massage or stretching after lifting a heavy load is one way to prevent a tendon injury. Other things to bear in mind are: Improving sports techniques Lessening loads Using appropriate footwear What is the treatment for tendon injuries? Treatment tends to be conservative, and includes rest and anti-inflammatory measures, depending on the severity of the injury. This may include medications, nutritional supplements, dietary changes, using bandages and manual therapy. The methods used will depend on the injury location, severity, and how long it has affected the patient. Although there are many different treatments, the most common ones are: Rest Stretching Anti-inflammatories Physiotherapy When treatment doesn’t work, surgery may be resorted to instead. What specialist should I see? Tendon injuries are normally treated by a sports medicine specialist, an orthopaedic surgeon or a physiotherapist. ...

Achilles tendon

What is the Achilles tendon? The Achilles tendon, also known as the calcaneal tendon, is the tendon that connects the calf muscle on the back of the leg to the heel bone. It is a tough band of fibrous tissue that allows the calf muscle to move the foot and is essential for walking, running and jumping. It is the strongest and largest tendon in the body, allowing it to withstand the tension caused by movement and to bear the weight of the rest of the body. In spite of this strength, the constant high tensions it endures and its limited blood supply mean that it can suffer from several injuries and conditions.   What conditions affect the Achilles tendon? Achilles tendinopathy – tendinopathy is a general term for diseases of a tendon. Achilles tendinopathy encompasses Achilles tendonitis and tendinosis. Achilles tendonitis – an inflammatory condition caused by gradual wear and tear of the Achilles tendon due to repetitive strain or sometimes by a sudden injury. It usually manifests as pain and/or stiffness at the back of the heel where the tendon connects to it. It can take weeks or even months to heal. The RICE technique (rest, ice, compression, elevation) may help to speed up recovery, but sometimes further treatment, such as physical therapy or even surgery in certain long-term cases may be required. Achilles tendinosis – a gradual thickening and stiffening of the Achilles tendon with no apparent inflammation. Although it becomes thicker, the tendon is actually left more vulnerable to injury due to micro-tears caused by repetitive action. Symptoms include long-term pain, similar to tendonitis. Tendinosis is degenerative. Achilles tendon rupture – a severe injury, the tendon actually snaps, causing excruciating pain and permanent disability if left untreated. Ruptures are uncommon, occurring more often in middle-aged and older people, as in younger people, the muscles tend to tear before the tendons do. Achilles tendon ruptures may result from direct trauma, landing awkwardly after a fall or jump, or strenuous physical activity if you are not physically conditioned for it. You may hear or feel a pop and will likely be unable to bear weight with the affected foot. You should head for the emergency room immediately if this occurs. Treatment may involve the RICE procedure, immobilising the foot for 4-8 weeks, or reattaching the tendon surgically. Achilles peritendonitis – similar to tendonitis, but the inflammation affects the tissue around the tendon a few inches above the heel, rather than the tendon itself. Achilles bursitis – the bursa is a sac of fluid that cushions the tendon where it meets the heel. This can be irritated, for example by low-riding shoes, which can cause pain. Medical tests to diagnose problems with the Achilles tendon There are several ways to test for Achilles tendon issues: Physical examination – most cases are diagnosed by the doctor physically examining the patient’s leg and heel, checking for pain, swelling, warmth, discolouration, thickening, or the presence of knots or lumps along the tendon. Thompson test – the patient lies on their stomach while the doctor squeezes their calf. The foot should move down in response if the tendon is attached. If not, it may indicate a rupture. MRI – magnetic resonance imaging scans can show detailed images of the condition of the tendon, and is useful for diagnosing ruptures. It may not be able to show tendinitis or tendinosis, however. Ultrasound – these scans use sound waves to create images and can often identify ruptures. CT scan – multiple X-rays are taken to scan the patient. However, MRIs are superior in identifying Achilles tendon problems, so CTs are used less frequently for this end.   Which type of specialist treats the Achilles tendon? Orthopaedic surgeons, particularly those specialising in foot and ankle problems deal with all sorts of conditions affecting the Achilles tendon. ...

Arthritis

What is arthritis? Arthritis is a disease that causes inflammation of the membrane that covers the joints. There are more than 100 different types of arthritis, but the most common are: Osteoarthritis: the most common type of arthritis. It usually starts with age and affects the fingers, knees and hips. In some cases, it develops in areas where there was a previous hit or injury. Inflammatory arthritis: There are many types of inflammatory arthritis, the most common of which is rheumatoid arthritis, which occurs when the body's defenses do not work properly. It affects both joints and bones, often in the hands and feet.   What are the symptoms of arthritis? The symptoms of arthritis can be: Joint pain Joint inflammation Redness and heat of the skin around the joint Decreased ability to move the joint Joint stiffness, especially in the morning   What are the causes of arthritis? This pathology can be a consequence of: Bone fracture Autoimmune disease Infection by bacteria or viruses Joint wear Crystals (such as uric acid or calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate)   Can arthritis be prevented? Joint damage can be prevented with timely and adequate diagnosis and treatment. Also, if someone has a family history it is important to talk with the doctor, even if s/he does not have any symptoms. It is also recommended to avoid repetitive and excessive movements to prevent osteoarthritis.   What is the treatment for arthritis? The treatment aims to alleviate the symptoms and prevent the disease from getting worse. The treatment can be covered by several aspects: Lifestyle changes: this is the preferred treatment, since exercises help to reduce pain and fatigue, relieve stiffness and improve muscle and bone strength. The doctor can also recommend physiotherapy. Other measures may include sleeping 8-10 hours a day, not staying in the same position for a long time, eating a healthy diet, avoiding alcohol and tobacco, among others. Medicine: can be added to the changes in lifestyle. Surgery: is performed if the other treatment methods have not worked. The main intervention is arthroplasty, which consists of replacing the affected joint with an artificial one. ...

Arthroplasty

Joints are continually exposed to multiple injuries, so it may be necessary to perform an arthroplasty. Arthroplasty is a surgical operation that is performed to restore mobility and the joint's normal function. ...

Bursitis

What is bursitis? Bursitis is the inflammation or painful irritation of fluid-filled sacs called bursas, most commonly affecting the hips, shoulders, elbows, and knees. The function of these sacs is to help the normal movement of the joints and avoid direct friction between them. Bursitis can affect any of the joints in the body. There are two types of bursitis: acute and chronic. Acute bursitis causes pain, swelling, and warmth in the area of the bursae, and usually happens when the bursae are injured, stretched, or compressed. Chronic bursitis can re-occur and may last for several months, coming in bouts, which can last from a few days to weeks at a time. What are the symptoms? The characteristic symptoms of bursitis are pain and inability to carry out certain exercises or movements usual in daily life. The symptoms may appear suddenly or progressively, something that the patient feels through movement or by touch, as the skin surrounding the bursa is more sensitive than usual. The symptoms depend on the affected area, but the most common are: joint pain and sensitivity when pressing the area near the joint stiffness and pain when moving the injured joint redness, swelling and tenderness in the joint What causes bursitis? Bursitis may be caused by repetitive motion in the joint, or repeatedly putting the joint in certain positions which create pressure on the bursae, such as kneeling down for long periods of time (e.g while cleaning). Bursitis can also be caused by trauma or injury, and by other inflammatory conditions such as gout, or arthritis. Can it be prevented? Bursitis may be prevented by avoiding repetitive movements which put strain on the bursae. Another preventive measure is to strengthen the muscles that surround the joint or warm up the area with exercises before starting any physical activity. What is the treatment? In most cases the bursitis disappears without applying any specific treatment. The specialist will focus on reducing pain and inflammation to the patient by prescribing anti-inflammatories or corticosteroids. In case of acute bursitis without infection, the patient should avoid overexertion, limit certain movements and apply ice in the damaged area to reduce swelling. If chronic bursitis occurs, the treatment is similar, although due to the fact that rest is not effective, more aggressive and direct methods such as intensive physiotherapy or corticosteroid injections should be used. In case of infection, the accumulated fluid should be removed and a corticosteroid treatment be followed. ...

Chondrocalcinosis

Chondrocalcinosis is the excessive accumulation of calcium crystals in the bones. The condition affects mostly the knees, although it is also common in other joints and bones. Normally it does not cause any symptoms or discomfort in the patients, therefore it is discovered when the patient has an x-ray. The main evidence of chondrocalcinosis is the existence of a white line in the cavities at the ends of the bone....

Ganglion or cyst

What is a ganglion cyst? A ganglion cyst is a benign but painful growth, usually on the hand or wrist. The pain often comes on at night, or after constant use of the hand. Ganglion cysts can vary in size, growing up to three centimetres wide. While the position of the cyst doesn’t tend to change, the size may fluctuate over time, and some go away entirely without treatment. Can a ganglion cyst be cured? As previously mentioned, ganglion cysts sometimes go away on their own. If the cyst persists, treatment may be recommended to reduce the size or attempt to remove it completely. Unfortunately if the cyst is removed there is still a chance that it will come back, and you may need further treatment. What are the symptoms? Cysts usually form a visible nodule, although in some cases if the cysts are small they may not be noticeable. Many of them have no symptoms, but if they do press on a nerve, it can cause pain, tingling and muscle weakness. How is a ganglion cyst diagnosed? Usually a ganglion cyst can be diagnosed by your GP with a physical examination. They may use a syringe to draw out fluid from the cyst. In some cases, they might refer you for an ultrasound or MRI to look at the inside of the lump and rule out other potential causes. What causes a ganglion cyst? The cause of ganglion cysts is unknown. They have been found to be more common in young people between the ages of 15 and 40 and to develop more in women. It is also more likely to be developed by people who use and overload the wrist. People who have arthritis may develop them more easily. Can ganglion cysts be prevented? At the moment it is not clear how to prevent ganglion cysts. The best thing to do is to see you doctor early on if you notice anything unusual. How are ganglion cysts treated? For many people, treatment will not be necessary especially if there is no associated pain. The main job of the GP will be to reassure you that the lump is not caused by anything more serious. However, if the cyst is causing you pain the GP may recommend treatment. The two main forms of treatment for ganglion cysts are: aspiration – this involves using a syringe to take fluid out of the cyst, then anti-inflammatory medication on the remaining bump. surgery – the normally recommended if the cyst is pressing on your nerves and causing pain, with the possibility of permanent nerve damage. Surgery is a more complex treatment and may involve putting your hand in a splint for several days afterwards. However, it tends to result in fewer recurrences of the cyst compared to aspiration. ...

Hip arthroscopy

Hip arthroscopy is a minimally-invasive surgery technique that allows the surgeon to see and work directly inside the joint with small incisions in the skin, less than one centimetre in size. The intervention is performed under general anaesthesia and after its completion, it is possible that the patient may feel discomfort, oedema and numbness in the pelvic area for a few hours or days. ...

Hip pain

Hip pain is all the pain localised on the hip or around it. It can be caused by a fracture, bone infection or joint pain or arthritis.

Hip prosthesis

Hip prosthesis is a major surgery technique that involves replacing the damaged hip with an artificial joint. The characteristics of the materials used in this type of prosthesis allow mobility similar to that of the human joint. The materials used in these implants include: various metals such as stainless steel, cobalt, chromium and titanium alloys; plastic, usually polyethylene, a very durable and friction wear-resistant material. Hip replacement is recommended in cases of osteoarthritis of the joint or rheumatoid arthritis.  ...

Knee arthroscopy

Arthroscopic knee surgery is a minimally invasive surgical technique for accessing the interior of the joint through small holes in the skin. Through a small calibre lens the specialist can see inside the knee in order to treat various injuries. Knee arthroscopy is used to remove or repair broken menisci cartilage, for broken anterior cruciate ligament injuries, to cut broken pieces of articular cartilage, to remove loose fragments of bone or cartilage, or to remove inflamed synovial tissue. Recovery from knee arthroscopy is much faster than traditional surgery. The patient should then exercise his knee regularly for several weeks. ...

Knee Osteoarthritis

What is osteoarthritis of the knee? Osteoarthritis of the knee is a disease which mainly consists of a tearing of the articular cartilage, and it can be progressive. The disease is not exclusive to old age, however, the frequency of affliction increases with age. It is also more common in women than in men, and in people who are genetically predisposed to it. Although many of these factors are not preventable, it is possible to slow down its progression or to reduce the chances of it developing. There are two types of knee osteoarthritis: primary knee osteoarthritis, which is related to age, and secondary knee osteoarthritis, which occurs after a previous injury, such as a fracture and affects people with high levels of strenuous physical activity or those who are obese. Prognosis of knee osteoarthritis Although osteoarthritis is generally not a serious disease, it can gradually undermine the quality of life of those affected. Prognosis of the disease depends greatly on the pathology and its evolution. Early diagnosis and joint protection measures are key in helping to slow the progression and development of the disease. Pain and a lack of mobility are the main factors that have an impact on the person’s quality of life, causing it to decrease. The disease mainly affects people over the age of 50. It can make them more sedentary, which can result in obesity and the appearance of risk factors for conditions such as cholesterol, hypertension and diabetes, among others. Symptoms of knee osteoarthritis: The symptoms and manifestations of osteoarthritis are diverse, progressive and appear gradually over time. The most common symptom is joint pain with limited joint movement, accompanied by cracking sounds and sometimes knee joint effusion (also known as ‘water on the knee’). Some people may experience stiffness or joint deformity. The worst symptom is pain. In the early stage of the disease, pain occurs when you move or try to force the affected joint, and it subsides when you rest. As the disease progresses, pain can occur not only when you move the joint but also when it is being rested. However, joint pain is not constant, so you can go for long periods of time without any pain, although the disease continues to progress. How is knee osteoarthritis diagnosed? Osteoarthritis can be difficult to diagnose. Firstly, it should be noted that it cannot be diagnosed by X-ray, so a thorough medical history must be taken and a physical examination performed. If there is swelling in the knee, the specialist may decide to remove fluid from the joint to test it and to confirm the diagnosis. In addition to X-rays, a CT or MRI scan may also be used to diagnose knee osteoarthritis. What causes knee osteoarthritis? The cause of osteoarthritis is still unknown. However, there are a number of risk factors associated with its occurrence: Gender: osteoarthritis affects women between the ages of 50 and 55 in particular. Age: the risk of osteoarthritis increases after the age of 50 Genetics: it may be an inherited disease Strenuous physical activity: constant repetition of joint movements can lead to joint overload Menopause: decreased oestrogen levels are a risk factor for the development of the disease Obesity: this can aggravate osteoarthritis in joints such as the knees Trauma: fractures and injuries can trigger osteoarthritis. Can knee osteoarthritis be prevented? The main measures for preventing the onset of osteoarthritis are simple: eat a healthy, balanced diet and take regular, moderate physical exercise according to your age and physical condition. You should limit strenuous physical exertion, such as lifting or carrying heavy objects. Contact sports such as football and rugby are not recommended for people with osteoarthritis, as they can exacerbate the disease. Footballers are one of the groups most affected by this disease due to frequent meniscus injuries. Treatment for knee osteoarthritis The main objective of treatment for osteoarthritis is to improve pain and functional disability. The first step is awareness, as avoiding risk factors is essential for preventing or minimising the disabling effects of the disease. You will also have a personalised and adapted exercise regimen which you need to follow with the physiotherapist to help improve your condition. Anti-inflammatories: sometimes pain is severe due to inflammation of the area. In this case, anti-inflammatory drugs may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and relieve pain. Chondroprotective drugs: these are specifically indicated for the long-term treatment of osteoarthritis, as they act directly on the joint. They relieve pain and improve mobility, as well as attack the disease at the root by slowing its progression. Chondroprotectors include glucosamine and hyaluronic acid. Surgery: implant surgery will be recommended if the disease is very advanced; in this case, a partial or total knee implant. Which specialist treats knee osteoarthritis? There are several specialists that can treat knee osteoarthritis, including orthopaedic surgeons, rheumatologists and physiotherapists. ...

Medial collateral ligament

What is the medial collateral ligament? The medial collateral ligament, also called the tibial collateral ligament, is one of the four most important ligaments of the knee. It extends from the inside of the lower thigh bone to the inside of the upper shin bone. Function of the medial collateral ligament: The medial collateral ligament provides stability to the knee and limits its movement from side to side. Injury to the ligament often results in a partial or complete tear or excessive stretching of the ligament. Pathologies of the medial collateral ligament: You may have damaged the medial collateral ligament if you have pain in the inner part of the knee, if the knee feels unstable and you think it might give way or become locked, or if you feel pain when bending or stretching the knee or when walking. Most injuries to the medial collateral ligament can occur if the lower leg is moved outward at the knee; if a blow is received to the lower outer thigh; or if you put one foot ahead of the other to increase momentum (in skiing, for example). This causes total or partial ligament distension due to the excessive stretching of the ligament by forcing the joint beyond its range of motion. This injury, which is very common in athletes, is known as a sprain or tear of the medial collateral ligament of the knee. It is common in football players but also in sports such as skiing, handball and rugby. There are different grades of injury: Grade I: There is moderate pain, little swelling, and you can move the joint. Grade II: You feel pain, accompanied by instability, inflammation and a loss of function. Grade III: Joint function is severely affected, with high instability, swelling, and pain. Treatments for pathologies of the medial collateral ligament: Treatment for a medial collateral ligament injury will depend on its stage. Thus, for grade I injuries, treatment will normally be conservative. This involves immobilising the joint and rehabilitation. For grade II and III injuries, the orthopaedic spealist should study the injury on an individual basis and decide whether definitive conservative treatment or a surgical procedure is most appropriate. Physiotherapy is essential for a complete recovery. The main objective is to reduce pain and inflammation so that you can walk correctly, and also do exercises with contrast hydrotherapy and electrotherapy without feeling pain. Hydrotherapy is also extremely helpful since it reduces stress during therapy and allows for painless movements against water resistance, which also strengthens the muscles. The physiotherapy exercise programme should aim at increasing knee flexion, recovering stability and gaining muscle. To this end, the exercises will be gradually increased. Also recommended is deep transverse friction massage of the muscle fibres, to promote the reorganisation of the ligament fibres and greater tissue regeneration, enabling nutrients to pass through more easily. Some specialists also recommend platelet-rich plasma therapy. These are proteins that are naturally made by your body and help repair and regenerate tissues after injury. Thus, after extracting a small amount of blood from your body, it is treated and platelet-rich plasma is obtained, which is then injected directly into the injury. Which specialist treats pathologies of the medial collateral ligament? Various specialists treat injuries to the medial collateral ligament. Thus, it is mainly orthopaedic surgeons specialising in knee problems who will assess the severity of the injury. However, depending on the injury grade, the physiotherapist may also be involved in treating pathologies of the medial collateral ligament. ...

Meniscus

What are the menisci (meniscus)? The menisci are two fibrocartilage structures located inside the knee. They improve joint function, acting like shock-absorbing cushions that help disperse the weight of the body and absorb forces exerted on the knee. They give the knee stability and play a key role in the proper functioning of the joint. The knee joints are among the most vulnerable joints of the body and can suffer serious injuries. They need to be able to withstand great pressure and to absorb and dissipate forces, which makes their role fundamental. Function of the menisci: The menisci have various functions: To absorb the shock waves generated when you walk or run. The menisci can absorb almost 20% of these shock waves. Force transmission: the fibres that make up the meniscus enable the transmission of compressive force by up to 50% when the knee is extended, and by up to 90% when the knee is bent. Joint stability: if the knee buckles, this may be due to laxity or tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament. Knee stability is influenced by the meniscus, the quadriceps and hamstring muscles. Proprioception: the menisci help to increase proprioception. Joint slippage: they contribute to the lubrication of the joint due to their shape and high water content. Pathologies of the menisci: Certain movements of the knee can cause injuries to the menisci, when they do not follow the movements of the femoral condyles over the tibial plateau. This happens if, for example, the knee is suddenly extended, which is very common in football players. In this case, there is no time for the meniscus to move forward, so it is trapped between the femoral condyle and the tibial plateau. Another type of injury is distortion of the knee joint, with external rotation and lateralisation, causing the meniscus to slide under the convexity of the internal condyle, resulting in a longitudinal tear of the meniscus. Moreover, a torn internal ligament can also lead to a torn meniscus. Meniscus tears are one of the most common injuries. Although common in athletes, anyone can suffer this injury. There can be different types of tears, but the most common tears are longitudinal, parrot beak, flap, bucket handle and mixed/complex. In the case of sports injuries, these are usually accompanied by ligament injuries. Treatments for meniscus pathologies: Conservative treatment is recommended for this type of injury, which is sometimes sufficient for meniscus tears, giving the knee time to heal itself. This process is known as RICE, which stands for rest, ice, compression and elevation. It may be supplemented with anti-inflammatory medication to reduce pain and inflammation. However, surgery may sometimes be necessary if symptoms do not abate. In this case, the orthopaedic surgeon will usually recommend knee arthroscopy. During arthroscopy, a mini camera is inserted into the knee through a small incision, allowing visualisation of the inside of the joint. The specialist will make two or three other small incisions to access the knee and repair the injury. After surgery, the specialist will immobilise the knee. When the wounds have healed somewhat, you should start rehabilitation exercises to restore joint mobility and strength. Which specialist treats meniscus pathologies? Orthopaedic surgeons treat problems relating to the knee and the menisci. ...

Muscle injuries

What are muscle injuries? Muscle injuries are usually painful and are caused by overstraining, either during sports or during your daily activities. A muscle is made up of the discrete muscle and the tendons, and it can be imagines as a rope and its fibres. Muscle injuries can affect all of the fibres or only a part of them, and they can be classified into: contractures: the muscle becomes tight after an involuntary contraction; pull: an over-stretch of the muscle fibre; strain: tearing of the muscle fibre. A strain can be divided into several categories, based on which muscle fibres are affected: First degree: a muscle injury limited to certain fibres; you only feel a mild pain when the muscles contract. It usually lasts a week and requires no treatment. Second degree: there may be a haematoma and the pain could progressively increase in the following days. You may need to get it checked out to determine the exact location of the injury and to estimate recovery times. Third degree: the most severe injury, as in this case all muscle fibres are torn. You may feel like you can’t move, as well as experiencing acute pain, and notice a haematoma. You’ll need to see your doctor for treatment. Prognosis The outlook depends on how severely you were injured and in the case of a second- or third- degree strain, how soon after the injury you seek medical support. What are the symptoms? Depending on how severe it is, a muscle injury can cause one or more of the following symptoms: swelling and a burning sensation bruising, swelling and redness feeling pain when you’re using the affected muscle feeling pain even when the affected muscle is at rest weakness mobility impairment (partial or total functional loss of the affected muscle) a depression of the affected area high temperature How is it diagnosed? At the very least you will have a physical examination to determine the extent of the swelling, haematoma, pain or depression. In some cases the doctor may refer you for an Ultrasound scan or MRI scan to get a complete picture of the muscle. What causes them? Muscle injuries can occur due to direct and indirect causes: Direct muscle injuries are caused by external factors, such as carrying heavy loads, repetitive movements, traumas, unhealed injuries, poor posture, environment and weather, playing on unsafe playing ground Indirect muscle injuries are caused by internal factors, such as a poor diet, skipping warm-up and cool-down and muscle fatigue. How can muscle injuries be prevented? Muscle injuries can be prevented in the following simple ways: make sure to warm-up adequately before exercise eat a healthy diet stay hydrated; use proper equipment wear good sportswear and well-fitting shoes How are muscle injuries treated? Treatment depends on the affected muscle, severity of the injury and where it is located. To avoid worsening the trauma, as soon as you feel some pain or discomfort you should stop exercising and put ice on the area. A lot of the people who don’t stop exercising, fuelled by competitiveness, end up making it much worse. In order to prevent bruising in the area, you should avoid any straining for 24-36 hours. Apply ice and compression (using elastic bandages), and elevate the injured area to prevent swelling. Treatment mainly involves giving the muscle adequate rest, and tackling inflammation. The doctor may recommend exercises for you to gradually build strength in the muscle again, or may refer you to a physiotherapist. In severe cases they may recommend the use a brace to keep the muscle still for the first few days after the injury. ...

Orthopaedic surgery

What is orthopaedic surgery? Orthopaedic surgery is the field of surgery responsible for diagnosing and treating a wide range of conditions of the musculoskeletal system, as well as for reducing the symptoms of any conditions affecting it. These conditions can affect the bones, cartilaginous structures or the joints. What conditions does orthopaedic surgery treat? Some of the conditions treated by orthopaedic surgery include: Foot injuries: metatarsalgia, bunions, cavus foot, flat foot, hammer toe; Hand injuries: scaphoid bone fracture, carpal tunnel syndrome, De Quervain syndrome, thumb arthrosis (trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis), stenosing tenosynovitis (trigger finger); Knee, kneecap and ligaments injuries, as well as knee osteoarthritis; Shoulder injuries (shoulder impingement syndrome or swimmer's shoulder); Hip injuries (hip osteoarthritis). What are the sub-specialisations of orthopaedic surgery? Emergency or trauma surgery can be regarded as a sub-specialisation of orthopaedic surgery. This type of surgery treats people who’ve suffered a traumatic injury (thus, an acute trauma). A few examples of traumatic injuries include: Incision or laceration wounds; Gunshot wounds; Car accidents; Several types of domestic accidents; Work-related accidents. When do I need to see an orthopaedic surgeon? If you have one of the above-mentioned conditions, you should see an orthopaedic specialist, who will determine whether or not you need surgery. Should the orthopaedic specialist also be a surgeon, he or she will be the one performing the surgery (if needed). ...

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease that affects the joints and cartilage. As cartilage breaks down and pain sets in, the bone reacts by growing on either side of the cartilage and becoming deformed.  ...

Osteotomy

What is an osteotomy? An osteotomy is a surgical procedure, carried out using general anaesthesia, that repairs damaged joints by cutting and reshaping the bones.  An osteotomy can be performed on the following joints: Knee Hip Spine Jaw Chin Big toe Why is an osteotomy done? An osteotomy will fix problems experienced in different bones and joints. Knee – if the kneecap is misaligned or damaged from arthritis then a knee osteotomy cuts either the tibia or femur to take pressure of the damaged knee joint. Hip – the hip socket is reshaped so that the socket aligns better with the ball of the joint. Spine – a wedge of spinal bone can be removed to improve a hunched back. Jaw – in misaligned jaws, a lower jaw osteotomy can reposition the jaw. Chin – an osteotomy can narrow a very square chin. Most often this is performed by plastic surgeons. Big toes – a wedge of bone is removed to prevent the big toe obstructing your other toes. What does an osteotomy involve? Due to the complexity of an osteotomy, a hospital stay will be required. General anaesthesia is used, meaning you are asleep during the operation. The surgeons makes an incision over the area of bone that is being remodelled. Using a special surgical saw, a section of bone will be removed. The cut edges of bone are then secured together with metal hardware or special bone grafts. For a bone graft, a wedge of bone is usually taken from the pelvis, and it is secured with metal hardware. How do you prepare for an osteotomy? Before surgery you won’t be able to eat or drink and certain medications will have to be stopped. You will receive special instructions from your specialist.  Aftercare following an osteotomy You can expect to stay in hospital for a couple of nights. Depending on the type of osteotomy performed, crutches are likely to be needed for a couple of months. Full rehabilitation can take up to 6 months. In most cases, physical therapy exercises will be needed to help restore strength, stability and movement to the bones. Alternatives to an osteotomy An osteotomy is often an alternative to larger surgical procedures, such as hip and knee replacements which are serious operations with very lengthy recovery times, and often revision surgeries too. Discussing your treatment options with your specialist is essential in making a treatment decision.  ...

Patellar luxation

What is it? Kneecap dislocation is a common injury in teenagers between 14 and 17, especially among the athletic population. The kneecap (patella) is displaced from its natural position within the patello-femural joint, being forced away from the midline. Kneecap dislocation often leads to ligaments and cartilage damage. It is important to make the distinction between kneecap dislocation and knee dislocation: a knee dislocation mainly affects the joints between the femur (thigh-bone) and tibia (shin-bone). Prognosis However painful and long-lasting it may be, if treated properly a kneecap dislocation can have no future consequences on your overall health. What are the symptoms? The main symptom is a sudden and acute pain in your knee, associated with a haematoma on the medial area of the joint, due to a blood backflow to your joint which will make it more evident. How is it diagnosed? If you have any of the above-mentioned symptoms, first of all you’ll need to have an X-ray scan. A CT scan and MRI scan can be helpful to rule out the possibility of ligament or meniscus damage, microfractures or loose segments of articular cartilage. What causes it? The main cause for dislocated kneecaps are trauma-related injuries or traumas due to a sudden movement of the joint. The most common one is where the quadriceps femoris muscle is contracted while the leg is still planted on the ground and the knee is partially flexed. It is also common for people to have an anatomical predisposition to these injuries, such as people with high knee. How can it be prevented? It is quite hard to prevent kneecap dislocation, especially if you have a structural predisposition to it or if you’re an athlete, due to very nature of the main cause of dislocated kneecaps. How is it treated? You should treat a dislocated kneecap as soon as possible after the injury. The treatment consists in reduction, that is, by manually pushing the kneecap towards the midline while straightening the knee. At first, your doctor will prescribe you to apply ice packs on the affected area and to take anti-inflammatory medication. You will only need to undergo arthroscopic surgery if there are microfractured segments of articular cartilage. Standard therapy consists in splinting the knee into a straight position with a cast for at least 15 days. In the following weeks, you will be gradually able to do more and more complex movements again. Once the cast is off, you’ll start doing physical therapy to rebuild the quadriceps muscle, which will be necessarily weakened by several weeks of bed rest. That will be helpful for the correct repositioning of the kneecap. Electrical stimulation, as well as using a dedicated splint for your knee, can be beneficial during recovery. You won’t be able to go back to sports again before eight to nine weeks, and you may have to wait longer if you underwent surgery. Which doctor should I talk to? If you have a dislocated kneecap, you should see an orthopaedic surgeon. ...

Plantar fasciitis

What is plantar fasciitis? Plantar fasciitis is the inflammation of the plantar fascia by overloading or stretching. The plantar fascia is a thick ligament in the sole of the foot which connects the heel with the toes. This inflammation causes pain as you walk about, usually first thing in the morning, which flares up when standing after sitting for a long period. Prognosis: Non-surgical treatments reduce pain in almost all cases. It may take several months before symptoms improve. Some people require surgery to reduce the pain. Symptoms of plantar fasciitis Generally, this condition causes pain and rigidity in the lower part of the heel. The pain is usually accompanied by the following symptoms in the lower part of the heel: Slight swelling Reddening Tenderness Tests for plantar fasciitis: To diagnose plantar fasciitis, the patient’sclinical history is evaluated and a physical examination is performed. The examination determines which stage the plantar fasciitis is at. Next, the specialist performs a gait analysis and evaluates whether the inflammation of the plantar fascia is related to the way the patient walks. An X-ray scan or MRI scan might be performed to rule out bone problems and potential pinched nerves. What are the causes of plantar fasciitis? The causes of plantar fasciitis is when the tension on the tissue becomes too great, causing inflammation. It is more likely to occur in people who: Do sports frequently Are obese Have a tight Achilles tendon Have foot arch problems Can plantar fasciitis be prevented? This can be difficult to prevent, however, maintaining a healthy weight can help reduce the chances of this developing. However, if you frequently do exercises such as running, dancing, or aerobics, plantar fasciitis can develop. In addition, checking that the ankle, Achilles tendon and calf muscles are flexible may help to prevent plantar fasciitis. It may also be helpful to stretch the plantar fascia in the morning before you get out of bed and to perform physical activities in moderation. Treatments for plantar fasciitis: There are different treatments for this condition but the first option considered is conservative treatments, including rest, applying ice to the painful area and stretching over several months. Massaging and stretching the fascia, can help to provide symptoms relief. Other, more novel techniques are infiltration of growth factors, intratissue percutaneous electrolysis (EPI) and shock waves, which have all been demonstrated to be highly effective treatments in the acute phase. Moreover, more and more tools are becoming available for the manufacturing of very precise individualised shoe insoles. One such technique uses a laser to obtain a virtual 3D mould of the patient’s foot.  In very specific cases in which none of the above treatments have worked, plantar fascia surgery should be performed. During this surgery, the tendon is partially or totally released or, if a heal spur is present, the heel spur is reduced. Which specialist treats it? An orthopaedic specialist can help to treat plantar fasciitis. ...

Second medical opinion

What is a second medical opinion? A second medical opinion is when you consult with a doctor that is not your regular doctor about a potential diagnosis and/or treatment plan. There is no legal right to a second opinion, however, it is rare for a doctor to refuse. Why would you get a second medical opinion? Patients may consider a second medical opinion if they are facing a new diagnosis or recommended treatment because sometimes this can feel confusing and a second opinion can put their mind at ease. In addition, there are certain situations where a second medical opinion is sought after: Potential treatment is risky and could be life-changing or the diagnosis is possibly life-threatening The diagnosis is not clear-cut If you are considering a new treatment approach that is experimental The aims of obtaining a second medical opinion are: To confirm whether a diagnosis is correct and/or appropriate. To confirm whether a suggested treatment is correct and/or appropriate. To compare information received from each doctor so that you can make an informed decision – sometimes a second medical opinion can rule out the need for a potentially unnecessary invasive procedure. Possible disadvantages of seeking a second medical opinion include: The process can delay the start of treatment. Logistically, seeing another specialist might be difficult and possibly time-consuming. It might be stressful to hear the same diagnosis again. How would you seek a second medical opinion? You can request a second medical opinion from your GP or consultant, but before doing so it is recommended that you ask for as much clarification and explanation about the initial diagnosis and treatment, before seeking a second opinion. Obtaining a second medical opinion does not mean that the second doctor will then take over – if that is what the patient decides, then this needs to be agreed formally between doctors and hospitals.  ...

Shoulder tendonitis

What is shoulder tendonitis? Tendonitis means the inflammation of a tendon, in which micro tears and areas of necrosis occur. Tendonitis in the shoulder can mainly affect the long portion of the brachial biceps and the muscles of the rotator cuff. Prognosis: Physical therapy and exercise are usually effective to improve the symptoms and reduce shoulder pain. If these exercises do not work, surgery may be needed, otherwise the tendon may rupture completely. Symptoms of shoulder tendonitis: The symptoms of shoulder tendonitis are: Inflammatory pain Pain from pressure on the tendon Lack of strength Difficulty to perform daily activities Pain when performing active shoulder movements and pain when stretching the muscle tendon. Medical tests for shoulder tendonitis: Tests to diagnose shoulder tendonitis are as follows: Ultrasound scan X-ray MRI scan Computed tomography scan (CT) These tests and the detailed study of the patient's medical history usually provide an accurate diagnosis. What causes shoulder tendonitis? The main causes of shoulder tendonitis include: Older age (wear and tear) Repetitive movement in certain work activities or sports. Poor blood supply to the tendons of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. Sudden movements. An imbalance of muscle groups closest to the humerus head. Can shoulder tendonitis be prevented? Shoulder tendinitis can be prevented by following basic exercise guidelines: Warming up the muscles before exercising Perform muscle strengthening exercises Stretching after sports activities Treatments for shoulder tendonitis: Physical therapy is the appropriate treatment for tendonitis of the shoulder. The goal of this is to eliminate shoulder pain and improve joint stability and muscle strength. For this purpose, a series of exercises are performed that consist of mobilising the joint to avoid the loss of movement, deep massage of the affected tendon and stretching. In addition, other techniques can be performed, such as: Steroid injections Shockwave therapy Painkillers Surgery Which specialist treats you? Orthopaedic surgeons and physiotherapists are the two types of specialists that treat this condition. ...

Sport growth factors

What are growth factors for sports injuries? Using plasma rich in growth factors is a technique used to treat injuries, especially sports injuries. Growth factors are proteins found in the blood which have a great capacity to accelerate the regeneration of tissue. Growth factors have biological effects such as cell proliferation and differentiation, regeneration of blood vessels (angiogenesis) and migration of cells to where regeneration needs to take place (chemotaxis). What are sports growth factors used for? Sports medicine specialists often use growth factors to treat sports injuries in elite athletes to try to shorten the recovery time after an injury, whether it be a muscle, tendon, ligament or joint. When applying the treatment it is important to correctly locate the injury with an ultrasound. The timing of injection is also very important in order for the treatment to be successful. The number of injections required will vary depending on the injury, but there should be no more than 21 days between each treatment. What does this treatment involve? Using growth factors for sports injuries involves extracting blood from the affected person and centrifuging it outside the body in order to isolate and concentrate the necessary proteins. The plasma will then be re-injected into the areas to be treated. To control the injection, it is visualised using ultrasound. When the plasma rich in growth factors infiltrates the injury, it accelerates and improves the cell regeneration process, shortening the recovery time and reducing complications. In addition, the intraoperative use of growth factors in arthroscopy, tendon ruptures or anterior cruciate ligament operations, among others, has delivered good results that allow the person to recover properly in less time. This technique has a wide field of application and is becoming increasingly popular not only with elite athletes, but anyone who engages in physical activities at any level. Preparing for sport growth factor treatment: Using growth factors for sports injuries is a simple, harmless and a non-invasive technique or intervention, so not much preparation is required beforehand. In any case, the sports medicine specialist will inform you about what is required. Preoperative tests such as an ultrasound and an MRI scan will be necessary in order to identify the exact location of the injury. You should also inform the specialist of any medication you are taking. Post-treatment care: Treatment using growth factors is usually safe and well tolerated, and it has no adverse effects. However, the specialist will tell you what procedure to follow after injection of the growth factors. The treatment also has a regenerative, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect so, in addition to speeding up recovery, it will reduce pain and improve the mobility of the treated joint or tissue. ...

Sport Medicine

Sports medicine is a specialty that evaluates the aptitude for sport.

Sport surgery

What is sports surgery? If a person sustains an injury during exercise, sports participation or any type of physical activity, depending on the severity of the injury, they may be advised by a sports medicine specialist to see an orthopaedic surgeon for treatment. Surgery is normally the last resort for amateur sportsmen and is more common amongst professional athletes. Surgery is likely if a person has sustained a serious injury or as a result of persistent symptoms that were not successful following the use of other treatments prior to the operation.   What are the common sports injuries treated? Sports surgery can repair damaged soft tissue, realign bones and joints. However, not all injuries require surgery. A sports medicine doctor may treat the following injuries sustained through physical activity:   Sprained ankles  Hip Bursitis Fractures  Knee and shoulder injuries Tendonitis Low back pain Pulled muscles Concussion Cartilage injuries The most common sports injuries are strains and sprains, which is when the ligaments have been stretched past their limits and have resulted in a tear.   What are the different types of surgical procedures in sports surgery? Many sports injuries are treated using keyhole surgery. This involves the surgeon making a small incision and using a tiny camera to guide them during the procedure. This type of surgery is most common with knee injuries and is known as arthroscopy.   How can sports injuries be prevented to avoid sports surgery? Even though it is recommended to exercise regularly as an important part of maintaining overall health, precautions should be taken to minimise the risk of injuries. Sports injuries occur from overtraining, lack of conditioning and poor technique. The following tips can be used as a preventative for sports injuries:   Use the correct equipment Always warm-up before Wear the right protective gear Rest in between workouts to allow the body time to rest and repair Start exercising slowly and gradually increase strength, flexibility and endurance Listen to the body if it shows any signs of pain or distress   What happens after a sports surgery procedure? Recovery from an operation for a sports injury depends on the severity and the individual case. Most injuries require a long rest period following surgery on an affected joint, muscle or soft tissue. Physiotherapy is used to rebuild strength and to increase the range of movement around the joint or muscle. It will also help to condition the injury to make it more resistant to any future complications. ...

Sports traumatology

What is sports medicine?          Sports medicine is a branch of medicine that focuses on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of sports-related injuries.   Sports injuries can happen suddenly, due to overtraining, not training properly, poor technique, wearing inappropriate clothing, and a lack of fitness, among other causes.   The treatments used allow the person to go back to their normal training routine as soon as possible and in the best conditions. What’s the difference between traditional orthopaedics and sports traumatology? Sports traumatology focuses on athletes specifically and injuries arising in sport, considering the athlete's needs, whereas traditional traumatology treats general locomotive system injuries.       This kind of specialist has in depth knowledge of different types of sports and understands the different situations that the athlete may have. They not only have physical, medical, physiological knowledge of the human body, but they are also able to treat different sports injuries (due to training, seasonal changes, competition expectations, among others), as well as other reasons for injuries.   The most common injuries in sports medicine  The most common injuries are: Sprained ankle. Muscle tears. Tendonitis and tendinopathies (tennis elbow, golfers elbow, Achilles tendon rupture). Knee injuries (meniscus fracture or damage to the anterior cruciate or posterior cruciate ligament) and cartilage injuries. Shoulder injuries (dislocation and tendinopathy), among others. Sports medicine treatments    The right treatment in sports medicine will always be based on each player’s medical history, which should include family and personal history, injury history, surgical history, and orthopaedic issues.      The information gathered in a sports admission exam will be included, this will assess postural information, the skeletal muscle, joints, ligaments, and physical fitness, risk factors will also be included for any potential injuries according to the sport.     Some of the treatments within this speciality include:     Ultrasound-guided galvanic electrolysis technique, commonly known as USGET, is an innovative medical and physiotherapy technique that enables accurate treatment of injured tendons, muscles, or ligaments, successfully treating sports injuries such as:    Achilles tendonitis Patellar tendonitis Pubalgia Epicondylitis (tennis and golfers elbow) Rotator cuff tendonitis (supraspinatus) Plantar fasciitis Trochanteritis Iliotibial band syndrome Muscle tears (hamstrings, femoral biceps, calf, and soleus among others) Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) is a highly effective treatment to stimulate scarring, regeneration, and healing damaged tissues, such as: Tendon ruptures Chronic tendinopathies Ligament injuries Muscle injuries Focal cartilage injury Osteoarthritis   Hyaluronic acid: Hyaluronic acid injections can reduce pain and revive joint function thanks to the treatment’s lubricant, mechanical, and biochemical effect. The most common areas to treat are: Knees (joint that most often receives this treatment) Ankles Hips Shoulders Hands ...

Tendinopathy

What is tendinopathy? Tendinopathy is an umbrella term for diseases of the tendons. Tendons are fibrous cords of tissue that hold muscles to bone, and in order to do their job, they must be strong and flexible. Despite this, they can be injured due to overuse. Tendinopathy broadly refers to three varieties of tendon injury, and is often confused with, or used synonymously with them. They are: Tendonitis/tendinitis – inflammation of a tendon, usually due to acute injury caused by overuse or repetitive strain. Tendinosis – chronic tendon injury with little or no inflammation, involving micro-tears in the affected tendon. Tendinosis causes long-term pain and is degenerative. Paratenonitis – inflammation of the outer sheath (paratenon) that surrounds certain tendons, such as the Achilles. There is some debate as to whether this should be considered separate from tendonitis. All of these conditions increase the risk of a more serious tendon tear, or rupture.   What are the symptoms of tendinopathy? The common symptom of all types of tendinopathy is pain in or around the tendon, most commonly in the place where it attaches to the bone. Other symptoms depend on the type of tendinopathy – for example, tendonitis is characterised by inflammation, including heat, swelling and redness, while tendinosis is a chronic ache, pain or stiffness without much, if any inflammation. The pain is usually worse during and after activity, and the area around the joint can be stiffer the following day. There are tendons in many parts of our bodies, and tendinopathy can occur in any of them. It most commonly strikes in tendons such as those in the arms, shoulder, hands, and the Achilles tendon (in the heel).   What causes tendinopathy? It is thought that the biggest factor in most tendinopathies is overuse, although there are many theories regarding other possible factors, such as thermal damage and load-induced ischemia. Both sudden bursts of exertion leading to injury and repetitive movements are thought to be the main causes of tendonitis, and obesity is thought to be a risk factor. In the case of calcific tendonitis, calcium deposits in the tendon are the cause of the inflammation, but why they build up in the first place is not fully understood.   How can tendinopathy be prevented? While it is impossible to prevent with 100% certainty, the best way to prevent tendinopathy is to look after your muscles and tendons by not over-exerting yourself, but keeping them strong and flexible by doing exercise. Warming up before exercise and cooling down afterwards by stretching your muscles is also recommended.   What is the treatment? The treatment may depend on the kind of tendinopathy, but in most mild cases the RICE therapy is advised: Rest until the injury improves Ice – apply cold Compress the injury with a bandage or brace Elevate – keep the injured tendon raised while at rest. Painkillers may be prescribed to deal with the pain – particularly NSAIDs if there is inflammation. In more severe cases, shockwave therapy or even surgery may be necessary. ...

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